Ọdịdị nke DNA mejupụtara ... chemical mejupụtara nke DNA

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eche ihe mere ụfọdụ ihe ịrịba ama dị ka ndị nne na nna na-enye nwa (atụ, anya na agba, ntutu isi, ihu udi, na ndị ọzọ). Science a pụtara na nyefe e ji mara na-adabere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe, ma ọ bụ DNA.

Gịnị bụ DNA?

Ugbu a, n'okpuru deoxyribonucleic acid ịghọta mgbagwoju compound na bụ maka na nnyefe nke butere n'aka e ji mara. Nke a molekul hụrụ na ọ bụla cell nke ahụ anyị. Ọ kenyere isi atụmatụ anyị ahu (maka mmepe nke a àgwà kwekọrọ na a kpọmkwem protein).

Gịnị ka ọ na iso nke? Ọdịdị nke DNA mejupụtara mgbagwoju ogige - nucleotides. Site ngọngọ a pụtara nucleotide ma ọ bụ mini compound enwe na ya Ọdịdị na nitrogenous isi, nke fọduru nke phosphoric acid na a sugar (na nke a - deoxyribose).

DNA bụ a abụọ tọrọ atọ molekul, nke onye ọ bụla nke na sekit na sekit na jikọọ na ndị ọzọ site na nitrogen bases nke ụkpụrụ nke complementarity.

Ọzọkwa, ọ nwere ike na-eche na na DNA na-agụnye ọrịa - kpọmkwem nucleotide usoro maka protein njikọ. Gịnị bụ chemical Njirimara nke Ọdịdị nke deoxyribonucleic acid bụ?

nucleotide

Dị ka e kwuru, bụ isi bughi unit nke deoxyribonucleic acid bụ a nucleotide. Nke a bụ a mgbagwoju kwadoro. Mejupụtara nke na-esonụ DNA nucleotide.

Ke n'etiti bụ ise-akụrụngwa nucleotide sugar (deoxyribose na DNA bụ nke dị iche na RNA, bụ nke nwere ribose). Iji ọ sonyeere nitrogenous isi, nke a dịpụrụ adịpụ 5 ụdị: adenin, Gwanine, agakọtakwa, uracil na-agakọta. Ọzọkwa, ọ nucleotide emi esịnede na fọduru phosphoric acid.

Ọdịdị nke DNA mejupụtara naanị ndị nucleotides nwere gosiri bughi unit.

All nucleotides mere ndokwa na a yinye na-eso onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Nkụzị nke triplets (atọ nucleotides), ha na-etolite a usoro na nke ọ bụla triplet kwekọrọ a akpan akpan amino acid. N'ihi bụ a yinye.

Ha Igbere site na njikọ nke nitrogen bases. Ihe bụ isi na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nucleotides ukem sekit - hydrogen.

Nucleotide usoro bụ ihe ndabere nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mebiri na ha mebere atumatu, na-eduga ọdịda njikọ nke na-edozi na ngosipụta nke mmụba. Ọdịdị nke DNA mejupụtara otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ekpebi nta niile ndị mmadụ na iche ha si ọzọ ntule.

mgbanwe nke a nucleotide

Mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na a ọzọ mụ nyefe nke a àgwà mgbanwe nke nitrogenous isi na-eji. The chemical mejupụtara nke DNA na-gbanwetụrụ site nkekọ nke a methyl otu (CH3). Dị otú ahụ mgbanwe (otu nucleotide) na-enye ohere ime ka iku site n'usoro okwu na nyefe e ji mara nwaanyị mkpụrụ ndụ.

Nke a "mma" nke molekụla Ọdịdị adịghị emetụta òtù nitrogenous bases.

Nke a mgbanwe na-eji na-X-chromosome inactivation. N'ihi ya, kpụrụ Barr ahu.

Ọ bụrụ na nke mụbara carcinogenesis DNA analysis na-egosi na yinye nucleotides e doro ihe e methylation na ọtụtụ substrates. Na observational ọmụmụ, ọ chọpụtara na isi iyi nke mutation bụ na-emekarị a methylated agakọta. A n'oge akpụ demethylation usoro nwere ike na-akwalite stop usoro, ma ruru ya mgbagwoju, a mmeghachi omume na-adịghị rụrụ.

DNA Ọdịdị

Na Ọdịdị nke molekul ihe abụọ na ụdị ihe owuwu. The mbụ ụdị - a linear usoro nke nucleotides kpụrụ. Ha na-ewu bụ isiokwu iwu ụfọdụ. Ịdekọ na nucleotide DNA molekul amalite na 5'-terminus na 3'-terminus agwụ. The abụọ circuit emi odude ke Kama nke ahụ, na-wuru na n'otu ụzọ ahụ, naanị na ụmụ irighiri na-spatially chere ibe, agaghi asu 5'-terminus nke otu yinye na-emi odude na ncherita-iru 3'-njedebe nke abụọ.

helix - DNA sekọndrị Ọdịdị. Mere site ọnụnọ nke hydrogen nkekọ sitere n'etiti eguzogide nucleotides. The hydrogen nkekọ a kpụrụ (naanị agakọtakwa, Gwanine na iche nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ, na ncherita-akpa Strand ebe adenin - uracil ma ọ bụ agakọta) n'etiti arụkọ nitrogenous bases. Ziri ezi otú ahụ bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị na-ewu nke abụọ circuit ewe ebe na ndabere nke mbụ, ya mere, n'etiti nitrogenous bases e kpọmkwem egwuregwu.

Njikọ nke molekul

Olee otú DNA molekul kpụrụ?

Na okirikiri nke ya kpụworo ndị atọ nkebi:

• Disconnection sekit na sekit.
• Accession synthesizing nkeji otu n'ime ígwè.
• Extension nke abụọ circuit dị ka ụkpụrụ nke complementarity.

Na ogbo nke nkewa nke ụmụ irighiri na-adịkwaghị enzymes - DNA gyrase. Ndị a enzymes na-lekwasịrị anya mbibi nke hydrogen nkekọ dị n'etiti na nkpọrọ.

Mgbe divergence ígwè na-abịa na isi synthesizing enzyme - DNA polymerase. Ya igbaso a hụrụ na a na saịtị 5 '. Ọzọ, na enzyme na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe 3'-ọgwụgwụ, n'out oge attaching achọrọ nucleotides kwesịrị ekwesị nitrogenous bases. Mgbe na-eru gaghị agara nso (terminator) na 3 'end, polymerase yinye na-ná mgbagwoju si iyi.

Ozugbo kpụrụ enyemaka circuit n'etiti bases etolite hydrogen agbụ, na nke na-esetịpụ e hiwere ọhụrụ DNA molekul.

Olee ebe m pụrụ ịhụ nke a molekul?

Ọ bụrụ na ị amụ n'ime Ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ na anụ ahụ, ọ ga-hụrụ na DNA na tumadi dị na cell ntọala. The kernel bụ maka na guzobere ọhụrụ enyemaka, mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ ha clones. N'ihi ya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma chee nime ya, na-ekewa n'etiti e guzobere ọhụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ uniformly (eme clones) ma ọ bụ ikpe (mgbe hụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ a onu n'oge meiosis). The mmeri nke isi pụta na a mebiri nke guzobere ọhụrụ anụ ahụ, nke na-eduga ná mmụba.

Ke adianade do, a pụrụ iche ụdị butere n'aka ihe ndị e dere na mitochondria. Ha DNA dịtụ iche na ntọala (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid nwere annular udi na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na ọrụ).

Molekul onwe ya nwere ike kewapụrụ ọ bụla cell nke ahu (maka ọmụmụ nke ndị akacha eji swab si n'ime agba ma ọ bụ ọbara). Ọ dịghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe naanị na epithelium exfoliates na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara (erythrocytes).

ọrụ

The mejupụtara nke DNA molekul na-ekpebi arụmọrụ nke ya data nnyefe ọrụ site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na njikọ nke ụfọdụ na-edozi na-eduga na ngosipụta nke a genotype (esịtidem) ma ọ bụ phenotypic (mpụga - ka ihe atụ, agba nke anya ma ọ bụ ntutu isi) feature.

The nnyefe nke ozi a rụrụ site na mmejuputa ya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. Na ndabere nke data ezoro ezo na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, e nwere a mmepe nke kpọmkwem ozi, ribosomal na nyefee RNA. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ maka a kpọmkwem edinam - ozi RNA na-eji synthesize edozi aka ribosomal protein ụmụ irighiri nzukọ, na Nleta a kwekọrọ ekwekọ iga na-edozi.

Ọ bụla odida na ha ọrụ ma ọ bụ Ọdịdị mgbanwe na-eduga ná emeghasịkwa nke ọrụ rụrụ, ma onye ahụ nke gbara gharịị atụmatụ (mmụba).

DNA ibu nna ule iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke yiri mgbaàmà ndị mmadụ.

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ule

Gịnị ugbu a nwere ike ga-eji na-amụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe?

DNA analysis na-eji na-ekpebi ọtụtụ ihe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na organism.

The ọmụmụ ihe mbụ iji chọpụta ọnụnọ nke congenital, ketara ọrịa. Ọrịa ndị dị na-agụnye Down syndrome, autism, Marfan syndrome.

Iji chọpụta kinship DNA nwekwara ike-amụ. Ibu nna ule dịwo anya nile na ọtụtụ, isi iwu, Filiks. Nke a na-amụ na-kenyere ịchọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị a kwatara n'iko. Ọtụtụ mgbe ule a ịbata agafe na-nketa na ihe omume nke nsogbu na ndị ọchịchị.