Okwu na okwu nke si malite. The lexical usoro nke oge a na Russian asụsụ. okwu ọhụrụ

Russian asụsụ, ka ọ bụla ọzọ, nwere ya lexical usoro na ghọrọ usoro n'elu agaghị nnọọ ọtụtụ narị afọ, na ọbụna millennia. okwu mejupụtara nwere a dị iche iche si malite. Ọ a dịpụrụ adịpụ na nwa afọ Russian na biiri okwu. Okwu na okwu si malite okwu kụziri ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nakwa dị ka philological ngalaba.

isi banye n'eluigwe,

The Russian asụsụ nwere a ọgaranya lexical usoro, guzobe nke malitere na Neolithic na-aga n'ihu taa. Okwu ụfọdụ n'anya na asụsụ nke nọ n'ọrụ okwu, na-aghọ archaisms, ebe ndị ọzọ banye n'ime anyị okwu, ga-aghọ akụkụ nke ya.

Na ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ usoro na okwu nke si malite ekewa biiri na nwa afọ Russian. Primordially Russian okwu bụ banyere 90% nke lexical Ọdịdị. Ndị fọdụrụ bụ gbaziri. Ke adianade do, onye ọ bụla n'afọ anyị dictionary emelitere na ọhụrụ okwu na echiche na-ebilite n'ihi na nkà mmụta sayensị na teknuzu ọganihu.

Primordially Russian okwu

Isi esite bụ primordially Russian okwu. Na otu a bụ ndị na-esonụ subgroups mekọrịtara na nkebi nke mmepe, ọ bụghị nanị na asụsụ kamakwa nke ndị Izrel:

1. Indo-European ọkọwa okwu.
2. Common Slavic.
3. Old Russian.
4. N'ezie Russian.

Niile metere na ndị a oge na-etolite ndabere nke okwu, idé nke anyị okwu. Ọ bụ ya na a ga-atụle ụzọ.

Indo-European oge

Primordially Russian okwu na okwu nke si ụbọchị laghachi na Neolithic oge. Ji ọnụnọ nke onye oge, ngụkọta Proto - Indo, nke akadade fọrọ nke nta II Millennium BC. Site na okwu nke otu a bụ aha ụmụ anụmanụ, echiche na-ezo aka kinship, nri. Dị ka ihe atụ: nne, nwa-nwayi, na ehi, oké ehi, anụ na ndị ọzọ. Ha niile nwere a mgbochiume correspondences na n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Ka ihe atụ, okwu na nne nwere a yiri zuru English (nne), na German (ntamu).

Common Slavic ogbo

Common Slavic okwu bilitere gburugburu VI na narị afọ BC. Ọ na-e ketara n'aka dị iche iche ebo bi na ókèala ndị Balkan, Central na Eastern Europe.

The ọkọwa okwu nke oge na-ezo aka lexical-ọmụmụ gbasara asụsụ dị iche iche, nke na-eji na-ezo aka akụkụ ahụ aha, ụmụ anụmanụ, kere eke, oge, osisi na okooko osisi, aha nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụlọ, ngwá ọrụ. Ndị kasị dị ịrịba ihe atụ nke okwu, ẹnịm si oge a: oak, Linden, spruce ọhịa, osisi, ahihia, millet, ọka bali, ogbugbo, ọgụ ahụ, ụlọ, ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata, ụlọ, ọkụkọ, ọgazị, kvass, jelii. Plast a bụ pụta ụwa na okwu ukwuu n'ime Slavic iche iche.

Old oge

Old Russian (ma ọ bụ East Slavic) okwu banyere anyị ọkọwa okwu na Slavic mmezi oge na ókèala nke oge a na Europe, banyere XI-IX ọtụtụ narị afọ. Nke a na-oge nke e guzobere guzobe nke ala nke Kievan rus, ie, IX-XIV narị afọ. Gụnye okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ezi, nduru, nwanne nna, lace, finch, protein, ọgu, ọgu anọ na iri taa.

Okwu ndị a na-na-ji site ọnụnọ nke prefixes i ihe ah u, Ị bụ a, pre- vz-. Dị ka ihe atụ: ndị platoon, ịkụ aka, na n'isi, ịchụkwudo.

Chọta okwu kpụrụ na oge a, o kwere omume na na Russian, Ukrainian na Belarusian asụsụ.

N'oge guzobere Russian mba

Site XIV narị afọ na Russian asụsụ a na-amalite na-iputa a ọhụrụ ụtọ asụsụ okwu. Okwu ndị a na-egosi mgbe ndị ida nke Old Slavonic asụsụ Russian, Ukrainian na Belarusian asụsụ. Iji n'ezie Russian okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka grumble, akwụkwọ ahụaja, stuffed kabeeji, na ahụmahụ.

Nke a na-agụnye niile nouns kpụrụ na suffixes -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (a). Dị ka ihe atụ: ọkụ extinguisher, ọzọ, mba, checkered. Nke a na-agụnye adverbs na oru ugbo, na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ngwaa-atụ egwu, ụwa ya tụgharịrị na-echegbu onwe.

Ịmara ihe ndị a, ị nwere ike mfe gbakọọ okwu kpụrụ na a ogbo nke development.

Oge a bụ nke ikpeazụ n'ime guzobere isi oyi akwa n'ezie Russian tokens.

loanwords

Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ochie, ndị Russia ịzụlite bụghị naanị ahia na omenala agbatị, ma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha. All a emewo ka asụsụ agbaziri. N'otu oge, ke Russian okwu na lexical usoro gbanwere n'okpuru ya mmetụta na ghọrọ akụkụ nke ya okwu. Loanwords ukwuu mma na Russian asụsụ, me ya a ọtụtụ ndị ọhụrụ.

Okwu ụfọdụ e biiri kpamkpam, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ghọrọ usoro - na mbụ natara Russian suffixes ma ọ bụ prefixes, nke mechara kpatara nguzobe nke a ọhụrụ, nke siworo mbido nke Russian okwu. Dị ka ihe atụ, okwu ahụ "na kọmputa" batara anyị ọkọwa okwu na-emebibeghị, ma okwu "nuclear ọkà mmụta sayensị" na-ekere na nwa afọ Russian, ebe ọ bụ na e guzobere si biiri okwu "atọm" nke nwa afọ Russian okwu-guzobere ụdị.

Igbunye agbaziri si Slavic na Turkish, Latin, Grik, German na Romance asụsụ, nke na-agụnye English, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Mgbe doo nke Christianity na njedebe nke X narị afọ na Russian asụsụ abịa a otutu okwu. Ọ ejikọrọ na ntoputa na Russia nke Church Slavonic akwụkwọ. Old Church Slavonic ma ọ bụ Old Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, asụsụ e ji site a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Slavic mba ndị dị ka a edemede dere asụsụ, bụ nke e ji mee ihe maka translation nke Greek ụka akwụkwọ.

Si ya Russian asụsụ bịara Ecclesiastical okwu, okwu maka nkịtị echiche. A na-agụnye onye nchụàjà, cross, ike, ihe ọjọ, kwekọrọ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ná mmalite, ndị data okwu na-eji naanị ide, na akwụkwọ okwu, ma ịbanye n'ime onu karịrị oge.

Church Slavonic ọkọwa okwu na okwu nke si malite nwere ndị na-esonụ atụmatụ:

1. The na-akpọ nepolnoglasie mgbọrọgwụ okwu. Dị ka ihe atụ: n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ma ọ bụ weghaara. Na nke a, e nwere nhọrọ polnoglasnymi ọnụ ụzọ ámá na zuru.
2. The Nchikota nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-akpata okwu. A pụtara ìhè ihe atụ bụ okwu mgbasa.
3. Ọnụnọ ke okwu mgbochiume u, ihe atụ na okwu ìhè.
4. Udaume e ná mmalite nke okwu na n'iru ike consonants: otu.
5. La syllables, na PA na mmalite nke a okwu. Dị ka ihe atụ: na rook hà.
6. Ọnụnọ nke WHO-top igbe, chrez-. Dị ka ihe atụ: kwuo, oké.
7. Suffixes -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: belata, na-ere,-agbaze.
Parts nke mbụ okwu Chineke-benign, oké njọ, greho-, dushe-, ọdịmma:-atụ egwu Chineke, zlonravie ngọzi.

Na okwu ndị a taa na-eji na Russian asụsụ. N'otu oge ahụ, mmadụ ole na ole chere na n'ezie kpọrọ ihe àmà na ọ dịghị nwere nwa afọ Russian na mba ọzọ na mgbọrọgwụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha nwere ike ịchọta na Akwụkwọ Nsọ odide, na-arụ ọrụ nke ochie nke Russian akwụkwọ.

Polish tokens

Na-atụle ajụjụ ahụ, gịnị bụ okwu na okwu nke si malite, anyị nwere ike ghara ichefu banyere mmadụ ịgbazite si Polish asụsụ, nke malitere na na Asaa-XVIII narị afọ. Of West Slavic asụsụ anyị penetrated n'ime anyị okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ezinụlọ ngwongwo, daub, oke bekee, periwinkle, jam. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na ha na-restock, ọ bụghị nanị Russian kamakwa Ukrainian asụsụ, Belarusian.

Grik agbaziri

A ịrịba aru nke Greek loanwords. Banye n'ime anyị asụsụ, ọ malitere na oge nke niile na-Slavic n'otu. The kasị ochie lexical "onyinye" bụ okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Chamber of Commerce, bed ji esi mmiri ọkụ.

Na oge site na IX ka XI narị afọ ndị a okwu e biiri: anathema, angel, mgbakọ na mwepụ, oriọna, akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkà ihe ọmụma, akwụkwọ, sawụna, na-ejegharị. Na mgbe e mesịrị mgbe biiri okwu metụtara okwu nke nkà na sayensị: ntochi, anapaest, mgbagha, ntụnyere, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ echiche na-guzosie ike terminological ngwa nke na ọtụtụ ndị n'oge a sayensị.

Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na n'ihi mmetụta nke Grik na Byzantine okwu na phraseology nke Russian asụsụ ukwuu mma. Otú ọ dị, ná mba ndị a na mmetụta na ha chere na ọ bụghị naanị na a sayensị, dị ka philology, ma mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics, onwu na, na nkà.

Latin

Na oge site na nke XVI na VXIII narị afọ na Russian asụsụ mejupụtara Latin okwu na mma na lexical enweta ego na ubi nke na nkà mmụta sayensị, teknuzu, na-elekọta mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okwu. Ha gụnyere tumadi site Ukrainian na Polish. Karịsịa ike a mee ka mmepe nke agụmakwụkwọ na sayensị, nakwa dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị bụ mmekọahụ nke mba ndị a.

Site Latin asụsụ bịara anyị na-ama maara echiche ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ememe, agụmakwụkwọ, director, na-ege ntị, ụlọ akwụkwọ, usoro, ọha na eze, na mgbanwe ọchịchị, na ndị ọzọ.

Turkic asụsụ

Ọ dịwo anya anyị zutere na Tatars, na Turks. Of Turkic asụsụ na Russian banye n'ime okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ib, chaplet, na ìgwè ndị njem, ego ahịa, anyụ, akwa mmiri, foogu, traụza, suut inyinya aha: roan, n'ọnụ mmiri, buckskin.

Advantageously gbaziri mere si Tatar. N'ihi na azụmahịa, omenala na agha agbatị na adị n'etiti anyị mba karịrị ọtụtụ narị afọ.

Scandinavian

Obere agbaziri nke Scandinavian asụsụ - Swedish, Norwegian. Banyere na mbụ oge n'ihi na nke ahia mmekọahụ na adị n'etiti anyị iche iche ọbụna tupu Kraịst oge.

Ndị kasị dị ịrịba okwu penetrated n'ime Russian lexical usoro: aha, Igor na Oleg, ngwaahịa aha - azụ asa, pud, nko, na poolu, a sinik.

Western European asụsụ

Mmalite nke okwu nke oge a na Russian asụsụ, ya mmepe ihe jikọrọ ya na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke European asụsụ. Mgbe mgbanwe nke Peter m, na Asaa-XVIII narị afọ, na Russian asụsụ agụnye tokens of Western European asụsụ.

The German batara anyị asụsụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okwu maka agha, azụmahịa na n'ji okwu, sayensị na nkà na: a promissory dee, na mkpara, kopora, tie, easel, ịgbawa odida obodo.

Dutch "na-akọrọ" na Russian amụ ka okwu: dockyard, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, pilot, agha mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri. Marine na okwu na-abịa site na English asụsụ: Midshipman, Brig.

Anyị banyere si English n'ime anyị na usoro na lexical okwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka boycott, ọwara, ịgba bọl, egwuregwu, n'isi, achicha, pudding.

Na XX narị afọ na-agụnye okwu nke teknuzu na egwuregwu, ego na azụmahịa na ngalaba, art. New okwu, mgbe mgbakwunye anyị lexical usoro: a na kọmputa, a file, byte, erie oge, brokerage, leasing, okwu na-egosi, thriller, okwu nkowa impeachment.

Na XVIII-XIX ọtụtụ narị afọ na Russian asụsụ nwekwara banye n'ime okwu nke French asụsụ - mgbaaka, uwe, jaket, uwe, efere, ọkụkọ, ụlọ mposi, battalion agha, omee, play, director.

Of Italian na Spanish rutere Russian musical okwu, okwu nke n'ógbè nke art: aria tenor Choral Hymns, Sonata, ejị, gondola serenade, guitar.

All nke ha ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-arụ ọrụ na anyị lexical usoro, na banyere ebe na otú ha na-abịa, anyị pụrụ ịmụta ihe site dictionary.

neologisms

Na nke ugbu a na ogbo nke Russian asụsụ lexical usoro emelitere na okwu ọhụrụ. Ha bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ site ntoputa nke ọhụrụ echiche na phenomena. Mgbe isiokwu nke ihe omume ma ọ bụ ihe na-ebilite na okwu ọhụrụ ka ikpo ha. Ha ozugbo esịne ke ifịk okwu.

N'ihi na a na mgbe, okwu a na-atụle ga-a neologism, mgbe ahụ, na-aghọ nnọọ nkịtị na-ike agbakwunyere na asụsụ. Na mbụ kwuru, neologisms onye ọsụ ụzọ oge so na Komsomol, na mbara igwe, Khrushchev na ndị ọzọ. Ugbu a, ọ dịghị onye ga-enyo ha neologisms.

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu

Iji tụlee nke okwu na okwu nke si na-eji na a kpọmkwem, ị nwere ike na-atụgharị etymological Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu. Ha zuru ezu si malite okwu, ya mbụ etymology. Ị nwere ike iji ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na a nkenke etymological Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu , nhazi H. Shang, "Russian etymological dictionary" A. E. Anikina ma ọ bụ "etymological dictionary» P. A. Krylova, na ndị ọzọ.

Ịmụta ihe bụ nzube nke mba ọzọ okwu na-abịa anyị si asụ asụsụ ọzọ, ọ bụ ike, na-eji ebube "Dictionary of Foreign Words" dezie Ozhegova.

Amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ

Okwu na okwu nke si malite na ojiji na-na-na-amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ N'ezie nke Russian asụsụ na ngalaba "Lexicology na phraseology." Kasị anya isiokwu a na-akwụ na 5-6 nke akara ule, nakwa dị ka 10th. Students ịmụta si malite okwu na collocations, ihe ha pụtara, mụta ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha, na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na ọkọwa okwu.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị nkụzi nwere ike na-emefu niile electives, mmezi-gbasaa akwụkwọ eme ewepụtara ọmụmụ nke si malite okwu.

Gịnị ihe ike ga-eji na-amụ isiokwu "Lexis na okwu nke si"? Isiokwu na nhazi ọkwa na ihe atụ nke ihe odide dị iche iche asụsụ, nwere Russian asụsụ biiri okwu, na ọkọwa okwu.

Na-amụ na ndị University

Karịsịa na zuru ezu na-amụ okwu si ele ihe anya nke mbido nke University, ngalaba nke Philology. Isiokwu e nyere a ole na ole ihe na N'ezie "Lexicology na phraseology nke oge a na Russian asụsụ." Na uloru, ụmụ akwụkwọ ebukọtala a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe odide, ịchọta a nwaafo Russian na biiri okwu na ha, were ha, na-arụ ọrụ na Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu. Kọwaa na stylistic ohere biiri, gharazie ịba uru okwu.

Na na nkuzi na nzukọ ọmụmụ nkọwa ndị nhazi ọkwa nke okwu na mbido, ojiji, na ime ihe nke oge a na Russian asụsụ. Nke a na obibia na-enye ohere mmasị ụmụ akwụkwọ ịmụta ihe ọmụma nke kasị ukwuu chọrọ site na-amụ isiokwu.

Nchoputa

Ọ bụla okwu na lexical usoro nwere ya akụkọ ihe mere eme na ya si malite. Okwu ụfọdụ ogologo e ọrụ na anyị asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na oge mgbe ejikwara otu, ihe Indo-European asụsụ, ndị ọzọ na-na anyị na dị iche iche oge nke Slavic na European asụsụ, na ndị ọzọ ka na-kpatara n'oge mmepe nke oge a ọmụma technology.

Ịghọta ihe mere eme nke si malite okwu ụfọdụ ga-enyere anyị aka ịghọta ha ezigbo uru, ma na-Chọpụta mmepe nke mba anyị na-omenala na otu oge ma ọ bụ ọzọ.