Ethers. feature

Ethers bụ organic bekee, na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke nke nwere hydrocarbon radicals mmasị ka oxygen atọm. Record bụ dị ka ndị: R'-O-R ", ebe R" na R 'ndị yiri ma ọ bụ dị iche iche radicals.

Ethers na-ahuta ka nkwekọrịta nke alcohols. A ogige nwere compound aha. Ọ na-eji aha radicals (arịgo molekụla arọ) na, n'eziokwu, okwu "ikuku" (dimethyl ether SN3OSN3, methyl ethyl ether S2N5OSN3 na na).

Symmetrical ogige R-O-R-enwetara site intramolecular akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke ihe na-aba n'anya. Na otu molekul, achọ nkwurịta okwu na-adị OH ọdịiche, na ndị ọzọ na - na C-O. The mmeghachi omume nwere ike ga-atụle ka a nucleophilic nnọchi HO-otu (na otu molekul) otu RO (nke ọzọ molekul).

Akpàràkpà compound R-O-R 'guzobere mmekọrịta nke alkoxide na galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (n'adịghị ha isomeric alcohols) nwere ala agbaze na esi isi. Na mmiri njikọ fọrọ nke nta ka mix. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ethers adịghị etolite hydrogen agbụ n'ihi na anọghị na molekul pola O-H agbụ.

Ogige ndị na-erughị ike. Ha nwere a ala ike omume karịa alcohols.

Ethers na-eji dị ka a mgbaze n'ihi na ha nwere ikike igbari ọtụtụ organic bekee.

Ihe kacha mkpa ogige gụnyere heterocyclic acidic bekee: dioxane na epoxide (ethylene oxide).

Nke mbụ bụ a ọma mgbaze. Dioxane bụ miscible na ma hydrocarbons na mmiri. N'ihi na nke àgwà ndị a, a compound a na-akpọ "organic mmiri". Dioxane bụ na-egbu egbu, ma ya kasị ukwuu ize ndụ na-anọchite anya halogen dibenzoderivatives.

cellulose esters bụ ngwaahịa nke nnọchi nke hydrogen atọm na hydroxyl iche iche nke cellulose macromolecules bụ alkyl ma ọ bụ acid moieties. The njikọ rụrụ inye ọhụrụ Njirimara nke a umi, akpan akpan na solubility na thermoplasticity. Mgbe nnọchianya acid residues kpụrụ mgbagwoju, site nnọchi na alkyl radicals - mfe ogige.

First kwadebere na usoro nke acylation na esterification - mgbe imeghachi omume cellulose na inorganic na organic asịd, ha acid chlorides na anhydrides. Onye kasị ukwuu bara uru ksatogenatam. A ogige na-akwado ya site na omume na inorganic asịd na ha were na imewe nke cellophane na viscose emep uta eri. Industrial mkpa na cellulose nitrati. Ha na-eji na mmepụta nke lacquers, fim, Ahịhịa anwụrụ na ntụ ntụ.

N'etiti ogige-enwetara site na mmeghachi omume na organic asịd, na ndị ụlọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe na cellulose acetates. Ha na-eji na njikere nke eri, plastik na film.

E nwekwara mbuaha cellulose esters. Ha na-ebu a dịgasị iche iche nke acyl na alkyl substituents.

Njirimara nke cellulose ethers na-adabere na ọdịdị nke buu. Uru na nwere a ogo nnọchi na polymerization.

Simple ala-nnọchianya ogige bụ soluble na okenye alkaline ngwọta na mmiri. Nke a na-enye ohere ha were dị ka thickeners na stabilizers na emulsions ke mmanụ, akwụkwọ, akwa, ihe oriri, na-emepụta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ ọrụ. Ukwuu nnọchianya esters (mgbagwoju na mfe) na-dakọtara na plasticizers. Ha na-eji imewe nke plastik na ágbá natara.

Crown ethers bụ polyesters nwere ihe oxygen na mgbanaka atọm. Nyochawa, ha na-ewere dị ka ngwaahịa nke ethylene oxide tsiklooligomerizatsii. A pụrụ iche onwunwe nke ndị a ogige bụ ikike na-etolite okụre dị iche iche na salts nke alkali ọla. Ndị a okụre na-guzobere n'ihi electrostatic mmekọrịta.