Oxygen - a ... Formula oxygen. An oxygen molekul

N'etiti ndị niile dị bekee na Earth enyene a pụrụ iche n'ebe ndị na-enye ndụ - oxygen gas. Ọ bụ n'ihu ya mere ka ụwa anyị pụrụ iche n'etiti ndị niile ọzọ, karịsịa. N'ihi na okwu a na ụwa ndụ ọtụtụ ebube e kere eke: osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ, ndị mmadụ. Oxygen - ọ bụ nnọọ irreplaceable, pụrụ iche na oké mkpa njikọ. Ya mere, anyị na-agbalị ịchọpụta ihe ọ na-anọchi anya ihe nwere mara.

Chemical mmewere oxygen: e ji mara

Iji mara ebe nke mmalite nke a nyere mmewere na oge usoro. Ọ bụ omume na-eme ka a ole na ole ihe.

1. Serial nọmba - 8.
2. Atomic uka - 15,99903.
3. Emi odude ke isii isi otu nke subgroup nke abụọ usoro oge.
4. Nuclear ụgwọ - 8, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons - 8, elektrọn - 8, neutrons - 8. N'ihi ya, a abụọ anwansi nọmba, adịru isi na-eguzogide hụrụ isotopic forms ¹⁶ O.
5. The Latin aha nke mmewere - oxygen. Russian - oxygen, aha a na-abịa site "na-amụ nwa na acid." E nwekwara a synonym, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ oxygenic.

Uche pụrụ iche na a na-nyere analysis nke electronic Ọdịdị nke ahụ atọm, dị ka a kọwara ya na ha na nkwụsi ike nke molekul na igosipụta anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara.

molekụla Ọdịdị

The electronic nhazi nke atọm anọchi anya usoro ² 1s 2s ² 2p ^4. Site na nke a ndekọ ya doro anya na tupu ẹkụre ume larịị ma e kwere ná nkwa e kere eke octet oxygen na-efu abụọ electrons. Nke a na-akọwa ya na-esonụ e ji mara:

• diatomic oxygen molekul;
• ọxịdashọn ala -2 mmewere mgbe niile (ma e wezụga peroxide na fluorine oxide, nke ọ na-agbanwekwa +2 na -1, karị);
• Ọ bụ a siri ike oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga;
• mfe mkpatụ ọbụna n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ;
• ike nke na-akpụ ihe na-agbawa agbawa compound.

Ugbu a, tụlee ajụjụ nke Ọdịdị. Ka oxygen molekul kpụrụ? Firstly, na usoro nke guzobere a covalent-abụghị pola, i.e. n'ihi ịdị electrons bụla atọm. N'ihi ya, nkwurịta okwu bụ na-na-abụghị pola covalent. Otú ọ dị, ọ okpukpu abụọ, n'ihi na onye ọ bụla atọm nwere ihe abụọ unpaired electrons na elu larịị. Ọ dị mfe na-egosi anya nke oxygen. The usoro bụ: O ₂ ma ọ bụ O = O.

N'ihi ọnụnọ nke mmekọrịta dị otú ahụ bụ nnọọ anụ molekul. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị Jeremaya mere na ya na-ekere òkè chọrọ pụrụ iche ọnọdụ: ọbara mgbali elu, na kpo oku, iji nke akpali.

Ka oxygen chemical mmewere - atọm enwe atọ anụ ndammana na-ewere ọnọdụ isotope. Ha uka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bụ karị 16, 17, 18. Otú ọ dị, na pasent bụ nnọọ mkpumkpu, dị ka ¹⁶ O 99,759%, na ndị fọdụrụ na-erughị 0,5%. Ya mere, ihe kasị nkịtị na ike isotope - na nke uka nọmba 16.

Simple umi Oxygen

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere nke a mmewere dị ka a dị mfe njikọ, ọ bụ ozugbo na ọ dị mkpa ka ikpo nchịkọta ala n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ. Oxygen - a gas nke nwere dịghị uto, ọ dịghị agba, ọ dịghị isi. A diatomic molekul nke bụ ihe ndị kasị ukwuu umi na mbara ala, mgbe hydrogen na ezi gas helium.

E nwere ndị ọzọ na-ekwu, nke aggregation nke umi. N'ihi ya, na a na-adịghị mma okpomọkụ ⁰ -183 C oxygen na-condensed na a mara mma-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mmiri mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na nbata-uzọ na-emewokwa na -200 ⁰ C, mgbe mmiri mmiri ga-eto n'ime na-egbuke egbuke-acha anụnụ anụnụ kristal bụ agịga ekara monoclinic.

Na ngụkọta e nwere atọ isi ụdị nke oxygen adị siri ike ala.

1. The Alfa ụdị (α-O _2). E na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 200 ⁰ C.
2. Beta-ụdị (β-O _2). The okpomọkụ nso nke ⁰ -200-400 C.
3. Gamma-ụdị (γ-O _2). The nkeji si -400 na -500 ⁰ C.

Oxygen - bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa ma dị ịrịba gas. Ọ bụghị nanị na maka ndụ nke dị ndụ na mbara ala, ma n'ihi na uwa ke ofụri ofụri. O siri ike na a eke ịnweta ma ọ bụ a compound, nke ọ na-gụnyere dị ka ihe mmewere.

History of chọpụtara

E kwuru banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ikuku na e ọ bụla gas na-akwado combustion Filiks, pụtara na nke Asatọ na narị afọ. Ma mgbe ahụ, na-amụ ya, iji gosipụta ịdị adị na-achọpụta na ọ bụ nyochawa kwere omume. Ọ bụ mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta a na narị afọ iri, na XVIII narị afọ ya e mere site na-arụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

1. 1771 Carl Scheele chi empirically ike mejupụtara nke ikuku na chọpụtara na isi ihe abụọ gas - bụ oxygen, na nitrogen.
2. Per Bayen eduzi nwere na decomposition nke mercury na mercury oxide na eze na-ede na ya pụta.
3. 1773 Scheele eze emepe mmewere oxygen, ma ọ dịghị enweta ya na ya na purest ụdị.
4. 1774 chi Priestley irrespective Scheele eme otu ihe ahụ, dị ka ọ na-emeghe, na-enweta dị ọcha oxygen decomposition nke mercury oxide.
5. 1775 Antuan Lavuaze enye aha a mmewere na-eme ka ndị ozizi nke combustion nke were ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.
6. 1898 Thompson na-eme ka ọha mmadụ na-eche banyere eziokwu na oxygen na ikuku nwere ike ịkpata n'ihi nnukwu umu anwuru nke carbon dioxide n'ime ikuku.
7. N'otu afọ Timiryazev egosi ndị na-abụghị, dị ka ọ na-akọwa na oxygen soplaya-acha akwụkwọ ndụ osisi nke planet.

N'ihi ya, ọ bịara mara na a bụ oxygen, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa ma dị ịrịba maka ndụ nke a gas. Mgbe niile na-amụ anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke bekee atụle ụzọ ya nkwadebe, gua ndika ọdịnaya nke mmiri, ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na ikuku na n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.

nkịtị Njirimara

Lee ndị isi ahụ kwa, nke nwere ike e ji compound na ajụjụ.

1. Oxygen - gas n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, nke bụ akụkụ nke ikuku (21%). Ọ dịghị agba, uto na isi. Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku, bụ agụghị oké soluble n'ime mmiri.
2. Ifịk ifịk banye carbon na ntụ igwe, soluble na organic bekee.
3. Esi na-ekwu bụ -183 ⁰ C.
4. -Agbaze -218.35 ⁰ C.
5. The njupụta bụ 0,0014 g / cm ^3.
6. The crystal lattice nke molekụla.

Oxygen nwere paramagnetic Njirimara na mmiri mmiri ala.

chemical Njirimara

Banyere otú akuko bụ ọrụ gas, otú ọ na-akpa àgwà na Jeremaya mere na ndị ọzọ bekee, ọ kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na onwu. Oxygen pụrụ igosipụta multiple ọxịdashọn na-ekwu, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nkịtị bụ -2, nke a na-ewere mgbe nile. Ke adianade ya na e nwere ogige nke ndị na-esonụ ụkpụrụ:

• -1;
• -0,5;
• -1/3;
• 0,5;
• +1;
• 2.

Reactivity ruru akwa elektrọn mmekọrita, ebe ọ bụ na electronegativity uru nke 3,44 polling ya. Naanị na elu Fluoride (4). Ya mere, oxygen dị ike oxidant. N'otu oge ahụ na Jeremaya mere na ọbụna ihe siri ike oxidants na-akpa àgwà dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, na-egosi a mma ọxịdashọn ala. Dị ka ihe atụ, a fluorine oxide O ⁺² F ₂ ^-.

E nwere a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ogige nke na-agụnye oxygen. Ndị a bụ ndị na klas nke bekee, dị ka:

• oxides;
• peroxides;
• ozonides;
• superoxide;
• acid;
• ahịhịa ya;
• nnu;
• organic molekul.

Na niile ọcha oxygen nwere ike na-eme n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, ma e wezụga n'ihi oké ọnụ ahịa ọla, helium, neon na argon na halogen. Ebe ọ bụ na inert gas anaghị eme n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla.

Nkwadebe Industry

The oxygen ọdịnaya na ikuku na mmiri dị nnukwu (21 na 88%, karị), isi ulo oru n'ụzọ na ya njikọ bụ fractional distillation nke mmiri mmiri ikuku na mmiri electrolysis.

Karịsịa na-eji nke mbụ usoro. Mgbe niile, a otutu gas nwere ike amịpụtara site n'ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ kpamkpam doro anya. Ọ bụrụ na ndị chọrọ ngwaahịa bụ nke elu mma, mgbe ahụ, n'aka nke kwere electrolysis Filiks. The akụrụngwa n'ihi na nke a bụ ma mmiri ma ọ bụ alkali. sodium ma ọ bụ potassium hydroxide na-eji dịkwuo ike nke electric conductivity nke ngwọta. Ke ofụri ofụri, ọdịdị zuru oke nke usoro na-ebelata ka decomposition mmiri.

Na-na ụlọ nyocha

ebe gbasara n'etiti ndị okpomọkụ omume usoro nke laabu ụzọ:

• peroxides;
• oxygen-nwere acid salts.

Na okpomọkụ, ha na-amalite irekasị na ntọhapụ nke gaseous oxygen. Catalyzed usoro mgbe manganese oxide (IV). Anakọta oxygen mmiri Ndahie na ngosi - smoldering egbugbu. Dị ka a maara, a nnọọ na-egbuke egbuke ire ọkụ na-ewetụ na oxygen ikuku.

Ọzọ umi iji na-emepụta oxygen n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe onwu - hydrogen peroxide. 3% ọbụna n'okpuru nduzi nke mkpali ngwọta kama erekasịchaala na ntọhapụ nke dị ọcha gas. Ya na mkpa ka oge na-anakọta. The mkpali bụ otu - manganese oxide, MnO _2.

N'etiti salts na-akacha eji:

• bertoletova nnu ma ọ bụ potassium chlorate;
• potassium permanganate ma ọ bụ potassium permanganate.

Kọwaa usoro, anyị nwere ike ibelata akụkụ. Oxygen tọhapụrụ ezuru laabu na nnyocha mkpa:

2KClO ₃ = 2KCl + 3o ₂ ↑.

oxygen allotropic mgbanwe

E nwere ihe allotropic mgbanwe nke nwere oxygen. The usoro a compound bụ banyere _3, ọ na-akpọ ozone. Nke a gas, nke na-emepụta na ọdịdị mgbe ọ gụrụ ultraviolet na àmụmà ikuku oxygen. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ nke O _2, ozone nwere obi ụtọ isi nke freshness nke a na-eche na ikuku mgbe mmiri ozuzo na àmụmà na égbè eluigwe.

N'adịghị ka oxygen na ozone na-abụghị nanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm na molekul, ma na crystal lattice Ọdịdị. Na ya, ozone - ọbụna ndị ọzọ dị ike oxidant.

Oxygen - a akụrụngwa nke ikuku

Nkesa nke oxygenation na ọdịdị nke ọma. Oxygen na-hụrụ na:

• nkume na mineral;
• nnu na mmiri;
• ala;
• akwukwo nri na ụmụ anụmanụ ntule;
• ikuku, tinyere elu ikuku.

O doro anya na ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike niile nke ụwa shei - na lithosphere, hydrosphere, ikuku na Biosphere. Mkpa karịsịa bụ ọdịnaya mejupụtara nke ikuku. Mgbe niile, a na-akpata na-eme ka o kwe omume na-adị na mbara ụwa anyị ndụ iche-iche, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ.

The mejupụtara nke ikuku anyị na-ekuru, ọ dị oké heterogeneous. Ọ na-agụnye dị ka na-adịgide adịgide mmiri na variables. Site mgbe nile ma na mgbe ugbu nchegbu:

• carbon dioxide;
• oxygen;
• nitrogen;
• magburu, haruru.

The variables pụrụ ịgụnye mmiri vepo na ájá extraneous, haruru (iyuzucha, combustion ngwaahịa, rere ere, wdg), osisi pollen, bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha na ndị ọzọ.

Uru Oxygen na ọdịdị

Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa otú oxygen dị na ọdịdị. Ọ maara na ụfọdụ n'ime Satellites nke isi mbara ala (Jupiter, Saturn) Chọpụta quantities a gas a chọpụtara, ma o doro anya na e nweghị ndụ n'ebe ahụ. Ụwa Anyị nwere a zuru ezu ego, nke, mgbe jikọtara na mmiri na-eme ka o kwe omume na-adị na ihe niile dị ndụ ntule.

Ke adianade do, ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike so na-eku ume, oxygen ka emefu ọtụtụ ọxịdashọn Jeremaya mere na-ebute tọhapụrụ ike maka ndụ.

The isi suppliers nke a pụrụ iche gas na ọdịdị na-green osisi na ụfọdụ bacteria. Ekele ha, nọgidere na-enwe mgbe nile itule nke oxygen na carbon dioxide. Ke adianade do, ozone na-ewuli elu a nchebe ụwa dum, nke na-adịghị ekwe ka banye a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke na-ebibi UV radieshon.

Naanị ụfọdụ ụdị nke anaerobic ntule (bacteria, dịkwa ka usoro ha) na-enwe ike ibi ndụ ná mpụga oxygen ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ha bụ ọtụtụ ihe na-erughị ndị ya aka.

The ojiji nke oxygen na ozone na ndị ụlọ ọrụ

Isi ubi nke ojiji nke oxygen allotropic mgbanwe ndị a ọrụ.

1. Metallurgy (n'ihi na ịgbado ọkụ na ịcha ọla).
2. Medicine.
3. Agriculture.
4. Dị ka propellant.
5. Njikọ nke ọtụtụ chemical ogige, gụnyere explosives.
6. Nhicha na disinfection mmiri.

O siri ike aha dịkarịa ala otu usoro nke na-adịghị na-ekere òkè nke a oké gas pụrụ iche umi - oxygen.