Ribosome - ihe bụ nke a? Ọdịdị nke ahụ ribosome

Onye ọ bụla cell nke ọ bụla organism nwere a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị gụnyere a plurality nke mmiri.

Nkenke, mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe owuwu

Ọ mejupụtara a akpụkpọ ahụ, cytoplasm, organelles, nke na-emi odude, nakwa dị ka ntọala (ma e wezụga n'ihi prokaryotes) nke e nwere na DNA ụmụ irighiri. Ọzọkwa, e nwere ihe ọzọ na-echebe Ọdịdị n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ. Na anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ bụ glycocalyx, na ndị niile fọdụrụ - na cell mgbidi. Na na osisi, na ọ na-emi esịnede cellulose, na fungi - si chitin, bacteria - si murein. The akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara atọ n'ígwé: abụọ phospholipid na protein therebetween. Ọ pores site na nke nyefe nke bekee rụrụ na na. Near bụla pore ndị pụrụ iche iga na-edozi na na-ebe n'ime ndị cell naanị ụfọdụ bekee. Organelles anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-esonụ:

• mitochondria, nke na-eme dị ka ihe mbụ "ike" (nke usoro nke cell respiration na njikọ nke ike);
• lysosomes na nwere pụrụ iche enzymes maka metabolism;
• Golgi ngwa maka na ịchekwa na modifying ụfọdụ bekee;
• endoplasmic reticulum, nke dị mkpa maka ndị ụgbọ nke na;
• centrosome esịnede abụọ centrioles, nke na-aka na fission usoro;
• nucleolus, nke achịkwakwa na metabolism na-emepụta ụfọdụ organelles;

• ribosomes, nke anyị na-juputara-atụle n'isiokwu a;
• osisi sel nwere ndị ọzọ organelles: na vacuole, nke dị mkpa maka ìgwè nke na-achọghị bekee na njikọ na enweghi ike mmepụta ha n'èzí n'ihi ike cell mgbidi; plastids, nke na-ekewa n'ime leucoplasts (maka nchekwa nke potassium chemical ogige); chromoplasts nwere agba pigments; chloroplasts, nke bụ ebe chlorophyll na photosynthesis.

Ribosome - ihe bụ nke a?

Ebe ọ bụ na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ya n'isiokwu a, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche na-ajụ ajụjụ a. Ribosome - a organelle, nke nwere ike dị na elu n'akụkụ mgbidi nke Golgi mgbagwoju. Ọ dị mkpa ka dokwuo anya n'ihu na ribosome - ya organelles dị na mkpụrụ ndụ na nnọọ nnukwu quantities. Otu nwere ike ịbụ ruo iri puku.

Ebe data bụ organelles?

Ya mere, dị ka ekwuola, na ribosome - a Ọdịdị na bụ na mgbidi nke Golgi mgbagwoju. Ọzọkwa ya nwere ike ịkpali unu kpamkpam na cytoplasm. The atọ nhọrọ, nke nwere ike positioned ribosome - cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Na ndị organelles na-achọta ebe a, ihe fọrọ anaghị ahapụ ya, na ndị anyịnya.

Ribosome - Ọdịdị

Dị ka nke ọma, nke a anya dị ka ihe organelle? Ọ anya dị ka a na ekwentị na a tube. Ribosome eukaryotes na prokaryotes iso nke abụọ n'akụkụ, otu onye nke bụ karịa ndị ọzọ na - na-erughị. Ma abụọ ya mmiri na-adịghị kekọtara, mgbe ọ na-ike. Nke a na-eme mgbe ribosome mkpụrụ ndụ ozugbo amalite ịrụ ha ọrụ. Ọrụ a ga-atụle mgbe e mesịrị. Ribosome, Ọdịdị nke bụ nke a kọwara n'isiokwu, na-agụnye a ozi RNA na nyefee RNA. Ndị bekee na-chọrọ dee ha ozi ndị dị mkpa banyere cell na-edozi. Ribosome Ọdịdị nke anyị na-atụle, ọ dịghị ihe akpụkpọ ahụ. Ya subunit (a na-akpọ abụọ nke ya ọkara) na-adịghị na-echebe.

Gịnị ka nke a organelle na cell?

Gịnị bụ maka ihe ndị ribosome - protein njikọ. Ọ na-adị na ndabere nke ozi nke a na-e dere na a na-akpọ ozi RNA (ribonucleic acid). Ribosome Ọdịdị ebe anyị hụrụ n'elu, enyekwara abụọ subunits nke nanị n'oge protein njikọ - usoro akpọ translation. N'oge a usoro, na synthesized polypeptide yinye dị n'etiti abụọ subunits nke a ribosome.

Olee ebe ha kpụrụ?

Ribosome - organelle, nke na-kere site nucleolus. Nke a na usoro na-ewe ebe iri nkebi, n'oge nke ndi na-edozi nwayọọ nwayọọ kpụrụ obere na nnukwu subunits.

Olee otú e guzobere na-edozi?

The biosynthesis nke na-edozi na-ewe ebe ọtụtụ nkebi. The mbụ n'ime ha - bụ amino acid ebighị. A ngụkọta nke iri abụọ n'ebe ahụ, site na ijikọta ha na ụzọ dị iche iche, ị nwere ike nweta ọtụtụ ijeri dị iche iche na-edozi. N'oge a nile na-adọ nke amino asịd kpụrụ aminoalits-tRNA. Nke a na usoro bụ ekwe omume na-enweghị òkè nke ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Ọzọkwa n'ihi na usoro a na-achọ ndị magnesium cations. Agba nke abụọ - bụ nnabata nke na polypeptide yinye, ma ọ bụ na usoro nke na ijikọta abụọ subunits nke ribosome na nnyefe ya nke dị oké mkpa amino asịd. Na usoro a na-ekere òkè magnesium ion na GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Agba nke atọ a na-akpọ elongation. Nke a kpọmkwem njikọ nke polypeptide yinye. Ọ na-aga translation usoro. Nchupu - ọzọ ogbo - usoro mmebi nke ribosomes na onye subunits na phasing nke njikọ nke a polypeptide yinye. Next abịa ikpeazụ nzọụkwụ - ise - a nhazi. Mgbe a na ogbo kpụrụ mgbagwoju owuwu na-ama njikere iji na ndị dị mfe na-edozi nke amino acid yinye. Nke a bụ ihe kpọmkwem enzymes, na cofactors.

protein Ọdịdị

Ebe ọ bụ na ribosome Ọdịdị na ọrụ na anyị na-atụle n'isiokwu a, bụ maka na njikọ nke na-edozi ahụ, ka anyị lee anya nkọwa nke ha mebere atumatu. Ọ bụ a bụ isi, nke abụọ, tertiary na quaternary. The isi Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein - a kọwaa usoro nke amino asịd na-haziri akpụ a nyere organic compound. The abụọ Ọdịdị nke a protein bụ a polypeptide yinye kpụrụ si Alfa-helices na beta-Ibé akwụkwọ. The tertiary Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein na-enye a na-Nchikota Alfa-helices na beta-Ibé akwụkwọ. The quaternary Ọdịdị bụ otu ihe ahụ na e guzobere otu macromolecular guzobere. Nke ahụ bụ a Nchikota Alfa-helices na beta-owuwu ụdị globules ma ọ bụ fibrils. Dị ka ụkpụrụ a, abụọ na ụdị na-edozi nwere ike mata - fibrous na globular. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ bụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka actin na myosin, na muscle nke nke na-guzobere. Ihe atụ nke abụọ nwere ike ije ozi haemoglobin, immunoglobulin na ndị ọzọ. Fibrillar edozi yiri a filament eriri. Globular ọzọ dị ka a tangle nke ji ekpuchi n'etiti Alfa-helices na beta-Ibé akwụkwọ.

Gịnị bụ denaturation?

Onye ọ bụla ga-nụrụ okwu. Denaturation - bụ usoro mbibi nke ndị na protein Ọdịdị - mbụ quaternary, tertiary mgbe, na mgbe - na nke sekọndrị. N'oge ụfọdụ, e nwere na iwepụ isi Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein. Usoro a nwere ike ime n'ihi na n'ebe a elu okpomọkụ nke organic okwu. N'ihi ya, denaturation nke protein pụrụ hụrụ mgbe esi àkwá. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, a na usoro bụ irreversible. N'ihi ya, na okpomọkụ n'elu iri anọ abụọ degrees amalite denaturation haemoglobin oké hyperthermia eyi ndụ egwu. Denaturation nke na-edozi aka kpọmkwem nucleic asịd pụrụ hụrụ na digestive usoro, mgbe eji enzyme cleaves ahụ mgbagwoju organic ogige ka mfe.

ọgwụgwụ

The ọrụ nke ribosome bụ nnọọ ike overestimate. Ha bụ ihe ndabere nke ịdị adị nke mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ihi ndị a organelles, o nwere ike na-edozi na ọ chọrọ maka a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ. Organic ogige akpụ ribosomes nwere ike igwu egwu a na-echebe ọrụ ke iga, ọrụ nke mkpali, ewu ihe n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ, enzymatic, usoro iwu (ọtụtụ homonụ na protein Ọdịdị). Ya mere, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na ribosome ịrụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa ọrụ na cell. Gịnị mere na ha bụ otú ihe - cell mkpa mgbe nile na ngwaahịa synthesized site ndị a organelles.