Russian rọketi "Rokot": nkọwa, e ji mara na-akpali eziokwu

Rọketi "Rokot", - na Russian ụgbọelu rọketi, nke bụ ike ịnapụta na orbit nke ìhè na-ajụ payload. Na elu ogbo "ikuku-km ', ọ na-egosiputa ruo 2150 n'arọ nke payload ka ịdị elu nke 200 km.

History nke e kere eke

Gịnị bụ a ụgbọelu rọketi "Rokot"? Ọ dabeere na Intercontinental ballistic agha Ur-100N, makwaara dị ka SS-19 stiletto. Ur-100N development malitere na 1970 na ebumnuche nke rụọ ICBMs Ur-100 na ike a nnukwu ugbo elu na ike ebuli ibu karịa ịnyịnya ibu.

Flight ule e duziri n'oge si 1973 na 1975, na usoro ghọrọ arụmọrụ na 1974. Site na 1978, e mere ka ngụkọta yiri nkata nke 190 agba. The mma version, na-akpọ Ọọ-100UTTH, a họpụtara na 1979 na-anọchi nke ochie ụdị, na-eru a kacha ngwaahịa nke 360 nkeji.

The nuclear ọta

Ur-100 agba nwere ike na-ebu ruo isii, nọọrọ onwe n'adabereghị targetable warheads na a nso nke 10,000 km. Ha nwere ike kwadebere na-agba ọsọ maka minit 25 mgbe ọ bụla afọ 22 adị ndụ. Intercontinental ballistic agha Ur-100 a ka na-eje ozi.

Mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Nzuzo na Khrunichev Khrunichev ngwá agha na-redesigned na-onwem na oge avionics na elu ogbo "ikuku-km ', nke kwere ya iji dị ka ohere igba egbe ugbo ala. Ndi otu Ngo "Engineering" na-nwee oké mgbanwe na Ua-100 igba egbe ụgbọala, ma na-enweghị ịrịba mgbanwe, eke a obere mgbanwe, ma ọnụ ala ngwa maka wepụ obere payloads n'ime ala Earth orbit. Na nke a nhazi, na ọ na-mara dị ka "Arrow".

Site Baikonur cosmodrome na Plesetsk

The mbụ igba egbe nke "Rokot" igba egbe ẹkenịmde November 20, 1990 si na Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. The mbụ orbital ụgbọ elu wee ebe on December 26, 1994. Na na 1995, ụlọ ọrụ na Eurockot, na enyemaka nke Russian ụgbọelu rọketi "Rokot" e guzobere e tinyere na ahịa maka azụmahịa na-ebupụta.

The ụlọ ọrụ ka enwetara 45 ugboelu. Ke 2000, Astrium zụtara a 51% eto Eurockot. Ndị fọdụrụ 49% ekesịpde Khrunichev. Na May 2000, si cosmodrome "Plesetsk" "Rokot" na oru bụghị si m, dị ka o mere na "Baikonur", na ala iga akpa.

Rọketi "Rokot": Atụmatụ

The ugboelu bụ a abụọ-ogbo "ikuku km" Zhidkotoplivnyy booster na-emekarị onwem na ndị ikpeazụ ogbo, nke nwere ike ịnapụta a payload nke ruo 2140 kg ala n'ụwa orbit na 1200 kg anyanwụ-synchronous.

Atụmatụ nke ụgbọelu rọketi "Rokot" ndị dị ka ndị:

• elu nke 29,15 m,
• isi dayameta nke 2.5 m,
• amalite ibu ibu nke 107 000 n'arọ,
• Mmanụ ụgbọala - unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (heptyl) na nitrogen tetroxide.

akpa ogbo

Akpa ogbo nke ụgbọelu rọketi ìhè klas "rumble" bụ 17.2 m ogologo na 2,5 m n'obosara. Tank na nitrogen tetroxide emi odude n'elu arịa na unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. Abụọ nkịtị tank iche site na a nkebi. Eweli ibu - 77.200 n'arọ, 5700 kg inertnaya-.

The mbụ atọ na-eji Rd-0233 na Rd-0234 naanị ya. Ha aghụghọ ndị yiri, ma Rd-0234 nwere a okpomọkụ Exchanger na-enye abịakọrọ gas na mmanụ ụgbọala tankị na-ha na achọrọ mgbali mbụ dum na-adọ nke ụgbọ elu.

All engines - tobaim nfuli na mechiri emechi akaghị. Onye ọ bụla na-enye 470 kN setịpụ na a ngụkọta nke 1.870 kN ma ọ bụ 190.700 n'arọ. Agụụ Rod akpa ogbo - 2070 kN (211.100 kg) engine 520 kN.

Control na-nyere site onye gimbal nkwusioru nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe anọ ahụ engines. Awa - 121.

The nkewa a rụrụ na-ekpo ọkụ ọnọdụ. Vernier moto nke abụọ ogbo a amụnyewo tupu nkewa nzọụkwụ. Hatches zitere anọ ugboelu nozzles si. Mgbe malite pyrotechnic Vernier iyuzucha usoro pushes nọrọ akpa ogbo. Ke adianade do, ọ na-onwem na anọ siri ike roket Motors na-amụnyewo mgbe nkewa wepụ ya ka a dị anya.

Agba nke abụọ

Agba nke abụọ bụ 3.9 m ogologo na 2,5 m n'obosara. Arọ ya bụ 1,500 n'arọ plus 10.700 n'arọ nke mmanụ ụgbọala. Tank na oxidant na a mmanụ ụgbọala tank odude n'elu na kewapụrụ ya site nkịtị nkebi.

Ogbo a kwadebere n'ụzọ na TURBO engines nke mechiri emechi okirikiri: onye-isi nke Rd-0235 na Rd-ụlọ anọ Vernier 0236 ịchịkwa ntụziaka nke ụgbọ elu.

Rd-0235 nwere a elu ọnụ agụụ nzube nke 240 kN (24,470 n'arọ), maka inye ndị a usu nke 320 p.

Rd-0236-enye traction 15,76 kN (1,607 n'arọ) na 293 na-arụ ọrụ. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ihe anọ ahụ nozzles nke engine site gimbal nwere ike kpaliri tinyere otu axis, na-enye a na-achịkwa agha nghazi na nke abụọ na-adọ nke ụgbọ elu. E na-eji a usoro na-ekpo ọkụ gas ike ndị dị mkpa mgbali na tankị.

elu ogbo

"Rumble" Rọketi a kwadebere n'ụzọ na elu ogbo, nke ndị mejupụtara atọ isi ngalaba - moto, encapsulation nke ibu ahụ nakwa n'etiti ogige, na-ejikọta ya na nke abụọ ogbo.

"Ikuku km" bụ 2.6 m n'ogologo, 2,5 m na dayameta na uka nke 1320 n'arọ. Heptyl tank odude n'elu akpa na ihe oxidant. Nke ikpeazụ nwere a conical ụdị na a ezumike ịnabata isi engine. "Ikuku km" ike ịba 1665 kg na 3310 kg UDMH oxidant. Iji nọgide na-achọrọ mgbali na tankị na pneumatic akara eji elu nsogbu helium.

The akụkụ nke ngọngọ mejupụtara a akpa na-oxidant, ewekarị n'elu mmanụ ụgbọala tank. Ma tankị na-onwem na haịdrọlik na pneumatic usoro, na esịtidem baffles iji gbochie mmiri mmiri ọkụkụ mgbidi nke Ọdịdị. Ha nwere a toroidal udi na a ezumike na ala maka isi propulsion usoro, ikwe na-ebelata ogologo nke ogbo. N'okpuru ebe a bụ nkewa na a isi propulsion engines na stabilization na nghazi, na * Tụkwasị na tankị na helium na mmanụ ụgbọala ha. Equipment kpuchie thermal mkpuchi na-egbochi oké jụrụ nke mmanụ ụgbọala na-emetụta ya viscosity, na pụrụ iduga kefriza nke ọkpọkọ na tankị.

ngwá n'ọnụ mmiri

Na elu nke ngọngọ ke ihe abịazi nọdụ truncated cone odude ngwá ogige esịnede nke okpokolo agba, na-enye nwụnye nke dị iche iche controllers, telemetry modul, batrị na nkwurịta okwu na usoro. Ò Kwekọrọ n'Ozizi nkwụnye ka 2,49 m n'obosara.

Na ala bụ 60 cm nkwụnye ejikọta "ikuku km" ka nke abụọ ogbo, nakwa dị ka na-enye arịọnụ ndị fairings.

Na agbam ume unit abụọ mmanụ ụgbọala usoro na-emejuputa atumatu: a ala nsogbu maka isi engine na elu nsogbu engine stabilization na ikuziri. Na ma mee chetyrohokis unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine na nitrogen, nke na-amụnyewo ozugbo mgbe na-abịa na kọntaktị na onye ọ bụla ọzọ.

engines booster

àgwà akara engines eji "ikuku km" bụ 17D58E aha na-enye a elu ọnụ nzube nke 13.3 N. ọ bụla gbochie nwere ogologo 14 cm, ma dịrị 550 g Mere micromotor ejikwara na a agwakọta ruru nke 1: 1,85 na elu ọnụ input rụgide 14.7 mmanya, ma ọ bụ ike idi elu nrụgide mbio 7.8 ka 34,3 mmanya. N'ihi na àgwà akara propulsion usoro eji na pulsed mode na a kacha nta ọrụ oge nke 0.03 s, ma 17D58E nwekwara gbaara na-arụ ọrụ nọgidere ruo 10,000 sekọnd. The engine nwere ike idi 450.000 cycles.

The ike ọkọnọ usoro booster

"Ikuku cm" na-onwem na ya ike ọkọnọ usoro esịnede a batrị na ike nkesa na sistemụ na-enye ruo 7 awa nke ime ihe ogbo-agba ya gburugburu. Instrument ogige agụnye telemetry ngwaọrụ na transmitters na antennas, na teepu maka data nchekwa na nnyefe. nduzi, igodo na akara bụ maka na ụgbọ elu na niile nkebi. Ọ mejupụtara a n'elu ikpo okwu na ihe inertial nduzi esịnede a 3-axis gyroscope na onboard kọmputa. The usoro nwere Mmaji redundancy na ọtụtụ mkpebi. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu kwurula na apụghị ịchịkwa si n'èzí.

cowling

"Rokot" agha na-onwem na a fairing, nke e mere kpọmkwem maka azụmahịa version nke ugboelu. Ọ arụnyere na ngwá ogige elu ogbo. Ọ mejupụtara abụọ iberibe 7.8 m n'ogologo, nke ọnụ nwere elliptical ụdị 2,5 ka 2,62 m n'obosara. Ebe ahụ payload bụ 5.9 m n'ịdị elu.

The fairing echebe ugboelu si aerodynamic, kwes na now mmetụta dọgburu na ya n'oge ụgbọ elu na ikuku. Mgbe ọ na-doo rọketi fairing atara site mmeghe n'ibu kpochidoro, na kpọgide abụọ na ọkara shells tinyere vetikal akara nke nkewa site a pyrotechnic ngwaọrụ enịm ke imi nke fairing. Mgbe ahụ na kwụ n'ahịrị nke nkewa gbaa ọtụtụ mgbawa bolts, ikwe ka fairing lasasịa mpụta site mkpanaka spring. Loop ke ukot nke adiana na ntụziaka nke ụgbọala ma doo anya na nkewa.

Nchekwa na igba egbe usoro

N'adịghị ka ndị SS-19, nke ga-amalite site mines, egbe nke ụgbọelu rọketi "Rokot" na-emepụta si iga na igba egbe akpa na cosmodrome Plesetsk, Russia. The agba na-echekwara ruo ogologo oge, ọ na-achọ akara nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ịnọgide na-enwe a nitrogen ikuku. Transportation na nwụnye na igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa na-emepụta na akpa. Ọzọkwa, na akpa mejupụtara n'aka maka tupu egbe preparations na gburugburu ebe obibi nchebe.

Tupu ịmalite na ọ na-na-amụba, na na booster ịtọ payload, elu ogbo na fairing. Iji jikọọ a akpa maka refueling ihu nakwa dị ka ike na data USB. Na ziri ezi na ọnọdụ rọketi "rumble" akwuru na mgbanaka na ala nke akpa. N'oge takeoff discontinuous Gịnị na-ná mgbagwoju n'ibu usoro. N'oge na igba egbe nke ngwaọrụ na-eduzi abụọ rails. The akpa na-echebe a na igba egbe na mpe mpe akwa nke engine umu anwuru, na a na-eji otu ugboro.

na-akpali eziokwu

The launching nke Tammy "Rokot" ga-akwụsị na 2017 mgbe mmejuputa kpara etiti na azụmahịa na-ebupụta.

The aha SS-19 stiletto - NATO bụ aha maka nke a ụdị ICBM. SS anọchi usoro "n'ala-ala" na ọnụ ọgụgụ 19 na aha "stiletto" kenyere ụdị Intercontinental ballistic agba. Na Russia, na ukara aha nke SS-19 - RS-18 na Ua-100N.

Ihe kacha mma banyere ohere rọketi "Rokot" na-ekwu pụrụ ịdabere na ya, nke na-egosi na 27 ịga nke ọma na-ebupụta nke 29. Ma nke 150 malite SS-19 naanị 3 kụrụ afọ n'ala na mmalite nke ọrụ na 1970. Test ebupụta nke SS-19 na "Rokot" na-enwe kwa afọ dị ka akụkụ nke ịlele ntụkwasị obi nke ugboelu na nkuzi nke w agha.