Synapse - a ... Mee a synapse. Ụjọ, muscular na chemical synapse

Synapse - a kọwaa kọntaktị ebe pute akwara sel ndị fọdụrụ na-abụghị excitable na excitable mkpụrụ ndụ na-enye nnyefe nke ozi mgbaàmà. Synapse morphologically kpụrụ ịkpọtụrụ membranes 2 mkpụrụ ndụ. The akpụkpọ ahụ na-metụtara ebe ejiji nke akwara sel, a na-akpọ presynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ nke a cell, nke na-enweta a mgbaàmà, nke abụọ nke aha ya - postsynaptic. Wezụga na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular na neurosecretory. Okwu nke synapse ke ẹkenam ke 1897 site Charles Sherrington (Eng. Physiologist).

Gịnị bụ a synapse?

Synapse - a pụrụ iche Ọdịdị, nke na-enye nnyefe nke akwara eriri akwara -akpali ọzọ akwara ozi ma ọ bụ akwara cell, na mere utịp ke akwara eriri si ihe nnabata cell (kọntaktị ebe onye ọ bụla ọzọ akwara mkpụrụ ndụ, na ndị ọzọ nural emep uta eri), abụọ akwara mkpụrụ ndụ na-achọ .

Synapse - a obere ụlọ ọrụ dị na njedebe nke neuron. Na ya aka bụ nyefe nke ozi site na mbụ na nke abụọ neuron. Synapse bụ n'akụkụ atọ nke akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọzọkwa synapses nọ ebe akwara cell na-abịa n'ime njikọ na dị iche iche glands ma ọ bụ uru nke ahu.

Ihe ọ bụ na synapse

Ọdịdị nke ahụ synapse nwere a dị mfe circuit. Ọ na-kpụrụ nke 3 iberibe, onye ọ bụla nke na ụfọdụ ọrụ na-rụrụ n'oge data nnyefe. N'ihi ya, ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị nwere ike na-akpọ a synapse adabara akwara foosu nnyefe. Na na usoro nke ozi nyefe emetụta isi ihe abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ: aghọta na mgbasa. presynaptic ọnụ na-ebute na njedebe nke axon sel (mbụ nke synapse). Ọ nwere ike imetụta cell na-amalite neurotransmitters (a okwu nwere ọtụtụ pụtara: ogbugbo ogbugbo ma ọ bụ neurotransmitters) - ụfọdụ chemical bekee, adịru oge n'etiti 2 akwara ozi emejuputa nyefe nke eletriki mgbaàmà.

Synaptic mkpịwa bụ n'etiti akụkụ nke synapses - bụ a oge n'etiti 2 mkpatụ akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Site na nke a ọdịiche na-abatakwa mkpụrụ ndụ site n'ibufe ihe ọkụ usu. The ikpeazụ nke a synapse-atụle ga-anabata nke cell, nke bụ njedebe nke postsynaptic (papaịrọs na ịkpọtụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche na enwe mmetụta ọsọ ọsọ na-anabata ya na ha mebere atumatu).

ogbugbo synapse

The onye ogbugbo (si Latin Media - transmitter, onye ogbugbo ma ọ bụ n'etiti). Otú ahụ ka ndị ogbugbo synapse ezigbo mkpa na nnyefe nke ụjọ na-akwadoghị akwado.

Morphological dị iche nke inhibitory na excitatory synapses bụ na ha enweghị a tọhapụ usoro nke ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi. The onye ogbugbo na inhibitory synapses, na ndị ọzọ na moto neuron inhibitory synapses na-atụle ihe amino acid glycine. Ma breeki ma ọ bụ na-akpali akpali ọdịdị nke synapse na-adịghị kpebisie ike site na ha ka ndị ogbugbo, na ihe onwunwe nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ. Ka ihe atụ, acetylcholine enye akpali akpali mmetụta na neuromuscular synapse ọnụ (vagus irighiri akwara na myocardium).

Acetylcholine bụ ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi na cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission (presynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-egwuri na njedebe nke ọgidigi azụ moto neuron), na synapse on Renshaw mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime presynaptic ọnụ, ọsụsọ glands, medulla nadpochenikov na eriri afọ na synapse na ganglia nke ọmịiko ụjọ usoro. Atsetilholi-nesterazu na acetylcholine nwekwara hụrụ na a nta nke ndị dị iche iche akụkụ ụbụrụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, ma ndị ọzọ karịa nke cholinergic synapse na mkpụrụ ndụ Renshaw bụghị ma nwee ike ịchọpụta fọdụrụ cholinergic synapses. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-akpali akpali onye ogbugbo acetylcholine ọrụ na Central ụjọ usoro o yiri nnọọ.

Katelhominy (dopamine, nọrepinefrini na epinephrine) na-ahụta adrenergic ogbugbo. Epinephrine na nọrepinefrini na-synthesized na ẹkụre ọmịiko akwara na ụbụrụ adrenal cell, ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ. Amino asịd (tyrosine na L-phenylalanine) dị ka na-amalite umi na njikọ nke adrenaline ikpeazụ ngwaahịa. Intermediate umi, nke na-agụnye nọrepinefrini na dopamine, nwekwara ịrụ ọrụ nke neurotransmitters na synapse, kere endings nke ọmịiko irighiri akwara. Ọrụ a nwere ike ma a breeki (nsia secretory gland, ọtụtụ sphincters na bronchial ezigbo muscle, na eriri afọ) ma ọ bụ excitatory (ezigbo muscle sphincters na ụfọdụ ọbara arịa, myocardial synapse - nọrepinefrini, na-arịa ọrịa nuclei podkrovnyh - dopamine).

Mgbe zuru ezu ha ọrụ nke synapse neurotransmitters, catecholamine etinye obi gị dum site presynaptic akwara agwụcha, na transmembrane iga na-gụnyere. N'oge absorption ogbugbo synapses na-echebe site akaghi depletion n'elu ogologo-eji ire ụtọ na ime.

Synapse: isi na ụdị na-arụ ọrụ

Langley na 1892, ọ na-e-atụ aro na synaptic nnyefe ke autonomic ganglia nke mammals bụghị ihe ọkụ ọdịdị, na chemical. Mgbe 10 afọ, Elliott na a hụrụ na ndị adrenaline si adrenal glands enwetara site na otu mmetụta dị ka mmalite nke ọmịiko irighiri akwara.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị chere na adrenaline ike secreted site akwara ozi n'elu excitation na wepụtara site a akwara ogwugwu. Ma na 1921, Levi mere ahụmahụ, nke eguzobewo ọdịdị nke chemical nnyefe na synapses n'etiti vegetative obi na vagus irighiri akwara. Ọ jupụta frog obi arịa na saline na kpaliri vagus akwara, eke a ngwa ngwa obi otiti. Mgbe mmiri mmiri na-agafere si eru gbasara obi mmalite nestimulirovanoe obi eti nwayọọ nwayọọ. O doro anya na mmetuta nke vagus akwara mere ntọhapụ retarding gị n'ụlọnga ke ngwọta. Acetylcholine n'ụzọ zuru ezu mụta nwa mmetụta nke a umi. Na 1930, ọrụ nke acetylcholine na synaptic nnyefe ke ganglia nke autonomic ụjọ usoro na-adịgide adịgide arụnyere Feldberg na mkpara ya.

chemical synapse

The chemical synapse bụ fundamentally dị iche iche nnyefe iyatesịt na-enyemaka nke a ogbugbo na presinapsa on postsinaps. Ya mere, ihe dị iche na morphology nke chemical synapse. The chemical synapse bụ ihe nkịtị na vertebrate CNS. Ọ a maara ugbu a na neuron bụ ike na-anọrọ na synthesize a ụzọ nke ogbugbo (ogbugbo ibikọ). Akwara ozi na-enwe ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi plasticity - ike ịgbanwe isi ogbugbo n'oge mmepe.

Neuromuscular synapse

Nke a synapse Site n'ibu excitation, ma nke a mmekọrịta pụrụ ịkwụsị a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe. Nyefe na-agwụ n'oge ejection nke mgbochi na synaptic mkpịwa acetylcholine, nakwa n'oge ya mkpọrọ na ngafe nke ebe nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ. A plurality nke nsị na ọgwụ ọjọọ na-emetụta kpọọ, mmepụta nke a nwee njikọ acetylcholine anabata nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ, ebe muscle synapse nkanka nnyefe nke excitation. The organism anwụ n'oge ekochi ekochi na kwụsị iku ume uru.

Botulism - microbial nsí na synapse, ọ nkanka nnyefe nke excitation, gbajaa n'ime presynaptic ọnụ protein syntaxin, na a mkpụrụ na synaptic mkpịwa acetylcholine. Ọtụtụ ọgụ nsi otu pharmacologic elekọta mmadụ (neostigmine methylsulfate na neostigmine), nakwa dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbochi conduction nke excitation na neuromuscular synapse iji inactivate acetylcholinesterase - enzyme na mgbari acetylcholine. Ya mere, e nwere ihe ìgwè acetylcholine na synaptic akpụkpọ ahụ ebe mbelata uche ka onye ogbugbo, na-mere nke postsynaptic membranes, imikpu na cytosol ihe nnabata unit. Acetylcholine bụ adighi ike, na synapse na-egbochi.

Synapse ụjọ: atụmatụ na mmiri

Synapse - a njikọ kọntaktị ebe n'etiti abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ma onye ọ bụla nke ha dabeere ya electrogenic akpụkpọ ahụ. Ụjọ synapse mejupụtara atọ isi mmiri: na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ, synaptic mkpịwa na presynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ. Postsynaptic akpụkpọ - a akwara agwụcha, nke gbatịrị na muscle na lowered n'ime muscle anụ ahụ. Na mpaghara nke presynaptic vesicles ọ bụ - a mechiri emechi oghere na a ogbugbo. Ha na-mgbe na-efegharị.

Eru nso akpụkpọ ahụ nke akwara endings, vesicles jikọrọ ọnụ na ya, bụ onye ogbugbo adaghị synaptic mkpịwa. Na otu kwantum ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi vesicle nwere mitochondria na (na ha bụ ndị dị mkpa maka njikọ nke ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi - isi ike isi), ozokwa acetylcholine na-synthesized si choline na n'okpuru nduzi nke enzyme atsetilholintransferrazy esichara n'ime atsetilSoA).

Synaptic mkpịwa n'etiti post- na presynaptic membranes

Na iche iche synapses size nke ọdịiche dịgasị. Nke a ohere jupụtara interstitial ọmụmụ, bụ nke a onye ogbugbo. Postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-ekpuchi ebe kọntaktị na akwara ogwugwu na innervated cell mionevralnom synapse. Na ụfọdụ synapses na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-emepụta n'ogige atụrụ ubara kọntaktị ebe.

Ọzọ bekee gụnyere ke postsynaptic akpụkpọ

Na mpaghara nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ e dere ihe na-esonụ Efrata:

- ihe nnabata (acetylcholine ihe nnabata na mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (nwere a elu myirịta na acetylcholine). Nke a protein bụ ugbu electrophilic ọgwụgwụ na-ion isi. Head abanye synaptic mkpịwa, ihe na mmekọrịta na cationic isi nke acetylcholine. N'ihi nke a na mmekọrịta bụ a mgbanwe ke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ depolarization mgbe etịbe, na mara nwere ndabere Na-ọwa. Depolarization nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-adịghị na-ewere dị ka a onwe-nwee ume usoro;

- Gradualen ya nwere na postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ogbugbo, na e ji ihe onwunwe nwere nke obodo excitations.

- Cholinesterase - atụle ga-a protein nke nwere enzymatic ọrụ. Dị ka ihe owuwu, o yiri choline ihe nnabata na nwere yiri Njirimara na acetylcholine. Cholinesterase mgbari acetylcholine, onye mbụ na-ejikọta ya na cholinergic anabata. N'okpuru ihe nke acetylcholine ihe nnabata ewepu acetylcholine esterase kpụrụ repolarization nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ. Acetylcholine rapara na choline na acetic acid dị mkpa maka muscle anụ ahụ trophism.

Na a nti iga na-egosipụta na presynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ choline, ọ na-eji synthesize a ọhụrụ ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi. N'okpuru nduzi nke ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi mgbanwe permeability nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ, na a cholinesterase uche na permeability alaghachikwuru mbụ uru. Chemoreceptors na-enwe ike na-emekọ ihe ọhụrụ ndị ogbugbo.