The ala nke tundra: nkọwa ma akparamagwa nke

Tundra - a buru ibu n'ókèala na a ihu igwe siri ike. Gịnị osisi na-enwe ike na-adị ndụ na ọnọdụ ndị a, ihe ụdị ala na-ekpuchi permafrost, dị ka ọ na-eji na ugbo, na-agụ isiokwu a.

Description tundra

Nke a ọdịdị ebe enyene a n'ókèala sara si Kola ka ndị Chukotka Peninsula. Ha n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-asa site na Arctic Ocean. Tundra ihu igwe e ji ala ikuku okpomọkụ, obere okpomọkụ na oké oyi nke dịruru ruo ọnwa itoolu na a afọ.

e ji mara nke tundra oyi na-atụ oge ndị a na-achị n'ebe ndịda ifufe si Chile. N'oge okpomọkụ e nwere onye na-ejighị n'aka weather na Ugboro na ike northerly ifufe. Ha na-ewetara a oyi snap na ozuzo, nkezi afọ ole esịmde anọ millimeters. Snow ekpuchi ala kasị nke afọ, ruo narị abụọ na ụbọchị iri asaa.

Olee ụdị ala na tundra? Nke a mpaghara e ji peat opitoropi na weakly podzolic Ona. A mara mma bụ ọnụnọ nke marshes. Ha guzobere jikọtara permafrost, nke nwere waterproof Njirimara.

Russian tundra - a mpaghara nke ala bi njupụta. Ọ bụ ebe obibi ụmụ amaala obodo: na Nenets, Chukchi, Yakuts, Sami na ndị ọzọ. Ha isi na-arụ na-zụọ. Description tundra agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị banyere ebe ndị nke na Ngwuputa, dị ka ọlaedo, apatite, nepheline ore na ndị ọzọ. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè tracks adịghị izute mgbe na-eto eto mkpa nke ndị bi. Nke a bụ n'ihi permafrost, nke na-egbochi ndị na-ewu ụzọ.

Gịnị bụ tundra?

Tundra - a eke ebe, nke dị ma agafe ugwu ókè nke oké ọhịa ahịhịa. Ọ bụ ókèala na permafrost, na mgbe jupụtara mmiri nke osimiri na oké osimiri. Ọ e ji a nnukwu n'ókè si n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda, ọ na-emetụta ndị ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'ime ya ebe. Ya mere, ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke tundra:

• Arctic. Ha nwere n'àgwàetiti ahụ aha, kpuchie na akpaetu, lichen na obere okooko osisi. Nke ikpeazụ bụ perennials na obere osisi. Ebe nkịtị willow, osisi nymph, nke a na-akpọkarị kuropatochey ahịhịa. Perennial grasses na-anọchi anya pola poppy osisi, na-emighị emi sedge, ụfọdụ ọka saxifrage.
• Obodo nkesa nke ugwu tundra bụ Chile n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ha si dị iche na Arctic na ahịhịa nke ebe-emechi. Ala tundra iri itoolu percent kpuchie green bushy lichens na mosses. E nwere na-eto eto akpaetu. Okooko osisi na-aghọ ihe iche iche. Pụrụ ịchọta luzula, saxifrage ma ọ bụ mountaineer viviparous. Of osisi - berry, blueberries, rosemary, willow, Dwarf birch.

• South Russian tundra, nakwa dị ka ugwu, dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu ahịhịa na-ekpuchi ala tiers. The top n'usoro a na-adịkwaghị willow na Dwarf birch, na nkezi - osisi na ahịhịa, mgbe ala dominance bụ nke lichens na mosses.

Olee otú osisi na-adị ndụ n'ọnọdụ ndị dị njọ?

Tundra idụhe manyere ọtụtụ osisi iji nweta ndị na-akpọ ngwaọrụ. Ka ihe atụ, osisi na nke Ome ma ọ bụ Stel crawling n'elu nke ala na epupụta na-anakọtara na tinyekwa, iji elu ikuku n'ígwé. Stunted osisi na-enyere aka na-adị ndụ na snow.

N'oge okpomọkụ osisi na-alụ ọgụ maka ichebe nke mmiri, na-ebelata epupụta na size. N'ihi ya, evaporating elu na-ebelata, nke na-akwalite njigide nke ọmụmụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, a osisi nymph na polar willow nwere onwe ha ngwaọrụ site na nke na-adị ndụ. Na underside nke osisi nwere oké pubescence, nke na-egbochi ikuku ije. Nke a na-enyere aka belata evaporation. Na tundra ukwuu n'ime na-eto eto perennials. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ viviparous, ie, mkpụrụ osisi na osisi na-anọchi bulbs na tubers. Ndị dị otú ahụ osisi n'oge na-adịghị mkpọrọgwụ. Nke a-enye gị ohere iji nweta oge bara uru.

Mgbe tundra bụ mara mma?

Ọ a hụrụ ugboro abụọ n'afọ. The oge mbụ tundra bụ mara mma na August. N'oge maturation cloudberry tundra ịgbanwe green na-acha uhie uhie, na mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-adị njikere mgbe tomato na a na-egbuke egbuke-acha odo odo. Cloudberry bụ ezigbo ikwu nke utu na-ezo aka a perennial ogwu. Ya ị ga na-adịghị kpuchie ogwu na okooko osisi ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ihe na-akpali bụ eziokwu bụ na-achaghị acha mkpụrụ osisi na-acha uhie uhie na-acha - oroma. Bi ịghọta tundra cloudberries. Si ya tomato na-sie jam. Mkpụrụ osisi na-eji tinye ya na steamed ụdị.

Nke abụọ oge mma nke tundra akpọ September n'ihi na nke a ọnwa a na-akpọ ọlaedo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. osisi epupụta atụgharị odo, nke ihe niile na-egbuke egbuke. Nke a oge mmasị ero pickers. tundra ala n'oge a ka mma na ebe a na-eto eto mushrooms, nke iru a elu nke nwa afọ osisi. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ha na-adịghị wormy.

gley Ona

Na udidi ha na-emetụta arọ ala: loam na ụrọ. Situ bụ Ridged ice mbara ọzara. Permafrost thaws ka a omimi nke iri ise na otu narị na iri ise sentimita. Tundra-gley Ona kpamkpam leached, ya bụ, ha na-agụnye mba ngwa ngwa soluble salts na carbonates.

Ma ha bụ ndị bara ọgaranya weathering ngwaahịa na humus ọdịnaya elu mmiri na-iri percent. Peaty na humus ala nke tundra nwere iri anọ percent humus. Dị iche iche subzones bụ ahaghị nzaghachi nke Ona. N'otu ebe ọ bụ acidic, ndị ọzọ na - ubé acid, na nke atọ - anọpụ iche.

ala morphological Ọdịdị

• The top oyi akwa bụ ụdị-awụba n'oké osimiri semidecomposed mosses na lichens. Ya ike bụ atọ ruo ise sentimita.
• Horizon, esịnede raw humus ma ọ bụ compost ike nke ruo iri na abụọ sentimita. Nke a ooh loam ọchịchịrị aja aja ma ọ bụ ọchịchịrị isi awọ na agba ya na a thickly nwere njikọ chiri anya mgbọrọgwụ. dị ala Ọ nwere ihe oge ufodu ókè-ala ma doo anya na mgbanwe.
• Mmiri, na ike nke asatọ iri na abụọ sentimita. Ọ na-akpọ ndị illuvial. N'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị na-ese ndabere - aja aja na-nyụrụ na acha anụnụ anụnụ-agba ntụ tụrụ. Ọ loamy mmiri na ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ.
• Gley mmiri. Ya ikike - iri abụọ na iri abụọ na ise sentimita. Olee ụdị ala na tundra? Ọ nwere a aja aja na agba na a bluish agba blur. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe ndabere nke anya nchara tụrụ. Nke a loam mmiri, na obere okwu - thixotropic. Dị iche iche iru mmiri na a obere ego nke mgbọrọgwụ.
• Illuvial mmiri. Ya ikike - iri na abụọ iri na ise sentimita. Ese n'ụzọ na-ekwekọghị, brownish ndabere. E nwere a gbara ọchịchịrị-acha anụnụ anụnụ-agba ntụ na nyụrụ stains. Horizon loamy, ooh ezuru, na a obere ego nke mgbọrọgwụ. Gbadakwuru hụrụ ntu oyi. Ọtụtụ mgbe thixotropic.
• Loamy gley mmiri bụ ọchịchịrị-acha anụnụ anụnụ. O nwere ọtụtụ veins nke ice.

Gịnị bụ onu nke thixotropy?

Nke a bụ a ọnọdụ ebe Wetland o tinyere n'oru ala n'okpuru n'ibu nchegbu ha na-enwe ike ịgbanwe ya ala si viscous-plastic ìgwè mmadụ na-emebi. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ala a na-laghachi na ya mbụ ala. Na iru mmiri na-adịghị belata. Continental tundra adịkarịghị ewekarị onu nke thixotropy, nke mbelata subzones site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda. A na-emetụta gley Ona.

Iji tundra Ona ugbo

Isi alaka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ke Arctic tundra bụ a reindeer. Dị nnọọ nwayọọ nwayọọ, ma ọ bụ na-akpụ akpụ na ugbo. N'ebe ụfọdụ malitere itolite poteto, kabeeji, radish, karọt, turnips ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ nri. Na ụgbọ na ala ugbo na-eto eto ụfọdụ kụrụ akụ.

Emepe emepe ọhụrụ ala, n'ime akaụntụ oghom ihe nke ndị na-anagide tundra Ona. Ya mere, isi ọrụ nke ala cultivation na ha drainage, ebighị nke ndu Filiks, mma aeration, mkpochapu-emerụ mmetụta nke ntu oyi na ndị ọzọ. Na ala adabara ugbo were, ọ ịmụpụta na nsị, peat, organic na ịnweta nri. Ala tundra mmetụta testing cultivation dịgasị. The kasị mma na-egosi bụ na-adakpọ na permafrost. Ya mmetụta osisi ibu na-budata belata.