The Golden Bulla Karla 4 nke 1356. Legislative omume nke Holy Alaeze Ukwu Rom

Czech blossomed na mbata nke King Charles IV. N'ezie, Golden ehi - ọ bụ a dị nnọọ mkpa-eme ihe, ma ọ bụghị naanị otu onye.

Ọ nnọọ nwoke gụrụ akwụkwọ. Ọ hụrụ ya n'anya uri, ezigbo enyi Petrarch, aga were were n'ọnụ na ise European asụsụ. Ọ bụ ya mere Charles IV aka hiwe na Prague archiepiscopal oche na meghere nke mbụ mahadum na akụkụ a nke Europe.

Mark na akụkọ ihe mere eme

Czech Republic jupụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na saịtị ndị a na-eme nke Charles IV, - King of Bohemia, bụ onye ghọrọ eze ukwu nke Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom. Nke a na ama spa obodo Karlovy Vary abịa na nnukwu ụlọ na Hradcany na Charles Bridge n'elu Vltava na nnukwu ụlọ Karlštejn.

Military mkpọsa fọrọ nke nta adịghị mkpa, na otuto ndị eze ukwu na-kara aka na ha dị ka ihe ọmụma na-ewu ụlọ dọtara ya ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Aha nke chi nke nkà na sayensị doo Gold ehi n'ezie dere na ọlaedo akwụkwọ ozi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa.

mbido

Carl a mụrụ na ezinụlọ eze na Prague. Nna ya - John the Blind - pụta si Luxembourg obibi eze ya, na nne - Eliška - ada King Vaclav II. Ọ toro ihe ikuku nke ịhụnanya, na-akpali akpali, smyshlonym, ọchịchọ ịmata ihe.

Karl bụ kechioma na-amụ na France nọ n'obí Philip VI n'ọdịnihu Pope Clement VI - a nnọọ nwoke gụrụ akwụkwọ, a oké devotee nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nkà na sayensị. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Charles malitere ịchị ala, mbụ nna gwa ya ka Luxembourg, mgbe Moravia, na mgbe ọnwụ nke ya nwa-nwoke fọduru dum Czech Republic.

Ọbụna tupu echichi nke Karl tụlere na mma na e kere eke nke a ọhụrụ Crown, mara n'okpuru aha nke St. Wenceslas. Otu ememe na guzosie ike a ọhụrụ - ya malitere na Visegrad, mgbe ahụ, edikan kpaliri solemnly na ndị Old Town Square na Prague Castle gafee Vltava. Ememme ahụ ndị niile deservedly ụtọ eze ọhụrụ, mgbe e mesịrị na-akpọ ya bụ nna ndị motherland. Ọ bụghị nanị na ndị Czech Republic kamakwa dum Europe chere na ịdị mma nke ọbubu-eze nke Charles IV.

kere eke

N'oge ọchịchị nke Charles bụ ike akwụ ụgwọ niile agha n'agha bụ ndị nkịtị na nwa osisi, n'ihi ya ka igbochi agha na eze juputara na-ike n'ime ha aka. Peacetime - amara maka mepere emepe mmepe, mahadum tọọ ntọala, na-ewu ụlọ na okporo ụzọ, na-azụ akwa n'ogo nke Agriculture (French Lorraine mkpụrụ vaịn na plums na Czech Republic - ọ bụ kpamkpam n'uru nke Charles).

Ke adianade do, o mere ihe ọ Vltava navigable kwadebe ponds maka azụ ugbo. All na Karl mere, siri ike ọbụna-N'eziokwu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ naanị na-agụ a otutu, dere autobiography maka akụkọ ihe mere eme.

eze ukwu

N'etiti European eze Charles ụtọ a elu aha dị ka a azụmahịa na-eme ihe n'eziokwu gọvanọ, bụghị arịọ. Na ma ma mee ya eze ukwu? Sacred Alaeze Ukwu Rom na-na-emegide. Ọzọkwa, echiche eleghị anya wee na onye nkụzi ya - Pope Clement, ugbua na-anọdụ n'ocheeze na Avignon. Nke a na-amụrụ bụ mmehie ọ bụghị na-akwado.

Ime kpere udo n'aka, Karl ka nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ya nwe. Site ịzụta ala na ụlọ na Silesia, Thuringia, Saxony, o wusiri ihe kasị ike site na njikọ n'akụkụ ala. N'ihi ya thereto ma kwaga Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. The ikpe wee niile ma Ise-okwu: ịzụta, contracts, alụmdi na nwunye.

The obodo na-enwe akụ na ụba ọganihu siburu-adịghị ahụ anya ike. Biliri blossomed wine, oke ohia na azu, ahia na crafts. The eze ike nọ ike, na nke a bụ iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na. Otú ọ dị, Carl na mgbe achọghị ka ihe iri ha.

na Golden ehi

Ebumnobi bụ isi nke Czech eze e wusie ndị ọchịchị site na-eke ọhụrụ iwu. Golden ehi na 1356 na ghọrọ akwụkwọ na ruo mgbe n'oge a mere ókèala nke obodo.

Karịsịa, ọ na-e kwuru site inwe: ocheeze mgbe niile na-aga nwa mbụ nke eze, ladies nwere ike eketa ike naanị na-anọghị nke na-anọchite anya nke nwoke obiọma. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mba na-kwụsịrị n'ihi ihe ọ bụla, okpueze na-akawanye a oke nke a nri. Nnọọ amamihe na pragmatically chepụta. Suffrage maka Sejm nwekwara enen na kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Golden ehi na 1356

A iwu ọhụrụ tupu Ọzịza tụlere ma chịa ogologo na ike na Reichstag na Nuremberg na Metz. Finalization nke akwụkwọ e mma na a gold akara gold ikpe. N'ihi ya, aha - na Golden ehi. Ebe ọ bụ na o doro anya na ọdịnaya na akwụkwọ a bara uru karịrị afọ. O jere ozi ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke dị ebube German Empire (ruo mgbe 1918!) The isi n'iwu nke nzukọ na ụlọ nke a Central European mba. Nke a na-egosi otu ugboro ọzọ otú Golden ehi bụ amamiihe.

Uru nke iwu ọhụrụ

Papal itinye aka na nhọrọ nke na-achị ndị mba ahụ na-kpamkpam tutu amama. Na mbụ, ọ dịghị onye na-achị adịghị gosipụtara dị otú ahụ a bụrụkwa nzọụkwụ, ikewapụ ego na Ecclesiastical ikike. O were ndị Golden ehi. General e ji mara ya iwu na-egosi na innovations me ka ndụ a ọtụtụ nke na-achị. Ọ metụrụ n'ala nile na ihe nile n'ígwé nke ndị bi na nke ochie alaeze ukwu.

Doo nke Golden ehi osụk ugbua ihe ike omenala nke Emperor ntuli aka. Ná mmalite, asaa isi-ruru eru ịtụ vootu wee akụkụ ke ntuli aka (atọ Ecclesiastical na anọ ego).

The Golden Bulla Karla 4 kwuru na inviolability nke ndi-isi nke ikike ka ụlọikpe kasị elu. Isi naanị pụrụ ịzụlite Ngwuputa minerals, na chepụtara ego, iji omenala ọrụ na ọbụna iwu na-alụ agha na ndị agbata obi. Na naanị ndị eze nọ n'okpuru enweghị nri na-eme ihe megide ndị ya na onyenwe ya. Na ihe nile nke obodo a na-machibidoro ịbanye ná njikọ aka. N'ihi ya States iji gbochie conspiracies.

Ruru eru ịtụ vootu nwekwara amachi ikike territorial nkewa nke electorate, na ọ na iwu kwadoro Golden ehi. General e ji mara nke akwụkwọ na ajụjụ na-egosi na ihe karịrị nnọọ na-elekọta Charles IV nke Bohemia nwa afọ, ya bụ, Czech alaeze: ùgwù kachanụ nchegbu nke ala ndị a na ndị nwe ha.

Location ọdịdị Golden ehi

Dị ka isi obodo nke Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom, Rome bụ naanị kpọrọ, na eze ukwu na ndị ọzọ hụrụ n'anya na-ebi ala ha n'ala - na Prague, Karl họọrọ obodo Nuremberg, ebe ọ nọrọ ya isi alaeze ukwu Diet - a collection nke kasị elu ama nile Central Europe.

Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka Golden ehi e mma na 1356. Na Germany, ọ bụghị tụfuru ya ike na ọbụna mgbe na mgbasa nke Holy Alaeze Ukwu Rom na 1806. Nuremberg ghọrọ a Central obodo Alaeze Ukwu Rom: Charles IV gara ya iri ise na abụọ ugboro na ọ bụ mgbe niile a mba ezumike. Ememe e-akpali ma na-adọrọ decorations nke ọ bụla play, na-anọ nnọọ Emperor na ya ikpe na obodo n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube gbanwee ndụ nke bi.

Na e nwere nanị otu isi ihe mmasị metụtara ihe omume dị otú ahụ dị ka na edise ke Golden ehi. Ọ Männleinlaufen - "Na-agba ọsọ Men" - ụtọ awa na Frauenkirche, emeghe ụbọchị ọ bụla n'etiti-ehihie. Site n'ọnu-uzọ e crier, ndị egwú, eze ukwu na ndị a ma ama asaa ruru eru ịtụ vootu, nke uzo na eze ukwu kpọọ isiala ugboro atọ. Onye na-achị n'ikwe mkpanaka, abụọ ọgụgụ watchmakers daa n'etiti ehihie, na dum edikan n'abalị nzuzo n'ime elekere. Ndị a na-adọrọ mmasị na n'oge Charles IV na Nuremberg e nwere nnọọ ọtụtụ.

Feudal fragmentation nke iwu

Ókè enshrined ozugbo na ihe niile, Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom na XIV-XV narị afọ enweghị n'ihi ha gbanwere agha, dynastic alụmdi na nwunye, na-eme n'okpuru agbatị dị iche mgbanwe. Ma, ọ bụ kpomkwem a ọtụtụ narị afọ ghọrọ oge kacha mma maka ae nke German obodo maka uto na ọganihu nke niile crafts na ahia.

Ọnọdụ-emepụta na ngwaahịa nanị maka nke obodo ahịa. Nke nta nke nta, Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị dị otú ahụ emmepe, onye na ngwaahịa na-ere bụghị naanị na mba kamakwa ná mba ọzọ. Mgbe Charles IV ọrụaka pụta ihe karịrị iri ise ọrụ, gụnyere typographic na manufactory. Viticulture na anụ ụlọ nweela ibu na ala ọma agriculture.

ohere

The na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmepe nke alaeze ukwu ahụ na Middle Ages gbochiri kpọmkwem isi, onye distrusted ike nke alaeze ukwu ike, na nzube nke ha abịa bụghị n'otu, na centralization n'ime a obere ebe.

Carl, ewebata ná mkparịta ụka nke mbụ omebe iwu omume, n'ezie, ọ ghọtara na ọchịchọ nke na-achị. Ọ ẹkenịmde alaeze ukwu na aka ike, ma jiri nwayọọ, na mmekorita ya na ndị poopu na kasị elu oké ozu. Ọ na-elekọta bụ isi banyere akụ na ụba na omenala ọganihu nke ókèala e nyere ya. First - na Czech Republic, na mgbe ahụ na ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ nnọọ adaba maka German ruru eru ịtụ vootu nke Golden ehi e kere. A general e ji mara nke oge a: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na territorial fragmentation nwetara n'ime iwu.

Obi na-ajọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọnọdụ nke alaeze ukwu, N'ezie, ha bụ ndị. German polycracy mberede, n'ihi na ihe atụ, a na-akpọ Gold ehi FK Schlosser. Ma mgbanwe okirikiri na otu nsọpụrụ-akọwa na ihe Golden ehi. The definition doro anya ma kpọmkwem: ọ bụ iwu dị mkpa nke alaeze ukwu, nke kwere ka ọ ka na-ama pokopoko. Ọbụna ụfọdụ na-kwuru na nke a bụ nke mbụ German n'usoro ochichi.