UralZIS- 355M: nkọwa. Ụgbọala. Ural Automobile Plant aha mgbe Stalin

Historians anụ ụlọ technology kwere na n'ụbọchị mgbe ebu Miass ụgbọala bịara ikpeazụ UralZIS- 355M, biri oge nke trehtonki ZIS-5. O "Zakhar Ivanovich," ka ọ nọ na utu aha ndị mmadụ. Nke n'oge agha, ọ ghọrọ a akụkọ. Gịnị mere mgbe ahụ? Eziokwu ahụ bụ na 355M ikpeazụ mgbanwe nke ama "Zahara". Ma igwe, site ụzọ, aghọwo a nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ zuru ezu nọọrọ onwe ha na mmepe, na-emegbu kewapụrụ azụ nke Soviet akpakanamde mere eme.

prehistory

Na mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1941 Moscow agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ, otu n'ime ha bụ na Stalin Factory (ZIS), na-kpọpụrụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ na-obodo: Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk, Miass. November 30 n'otu afọ, a na mkpebi e mere na ihe expedited ndabere Miass Factory №316 na State Defense Committee (GKO), aku na mmepụta nke bombs, tọghata, na-eji na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nke isi obodo nke ụlọ na akụkụ, na-ahazi na mmepụta nke engines maka ụgbọala na armored checkpoints.

Na April 1942, ihe aga-eme a rụrụ - osisi akwụ. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, mkpebi na T-ego, na osisi re-echere mgbanwe - na warara-ịmalite amị gwongworo. N'ihi na nke a nzukọ osisi sitere Ulyanovsk ebe anakọtara trehtonki ZIS-5b e zigara Miass. Site na oge na, ike niile nke a ụgbọala ọhụrụ factory lekwasịrị anya na mmepụta nke gwongworo.

Ural "Zahar"

July 8, 1944, ndị factory ụzọ ámá wee akpa Ural "Zahara", kama n'okpuru ya aha ya nke - UralZIS- 5b.

Miass trehtonki peculiarity bụ na tụnyere ndị Moscow nlereanya nke ụgbọala mfe ma dị ọnụ ala na ịgba. Iji mee nke a, zọọ nku na ahazi udi wepụrụ ihe owuwu site n'itinye na ebe nke welded T ekara. Inside ulo machite clapboard. Metal-agba ọsọ mbadamba na wheel rim dochie osisi, ígwè apịtị flaps - na plywood, abụọ ọkụ hapụrụ naanị ekpe (ụgbọala). Heating usoro ulo na ụzọ na windo na-now bụghị arụnyere. Breeki usoro-arụ ọrụ nanị ya n'azụ axle.

Dị jikoro ekwe onye ọ bụla igwe ịzọpụta 124 n'arọ nke mpempe akwụkwọ metal na agha ahụ dị nnọọ mkpa. Ke adianade do, enyemaka nke igwe, ya na a 77 horsepower engine ZIS-5M, mụbara ya Ọnọdụ site 35%, dị ka nke ọma dị ka Ural ụgbọala ghọrọ echekwa na 10-16% tụnyere Moscow ZiSami.

Ọ bụghị ruo ụbọchị

Mgbe ha laghachiri Plant aha mgbe Stalin si esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile n'ụlọ ha, obodo ngalaba na n'ihu ịzụlite "Zakhar Ivanovich," wee na abụọ dị iche iche: na Moscow ZIS-5 mbụ ghọọ ZIS-150, mgbe ahụ ka ZIS-164, na site na ZIS-164A (etiti nlereanya ) na ZIS-130. Ya bụ, na-enwe ọganihu bụ n'okpuru ụzọ. Na Miass anyị ka na-anakọtara kenchara ZIS-5b.

Ọ ga-abụ ikenenke na-ekwu na UralZIS- gbalịrị ka mma "Zahara". Na 1947 na Urals malitere na-emepe emepe UralZIS- 353 - kwalite trehtonki. Ọrụ ahụ nọgidere ruo mgbe 1951, ma e nwere otu ihe unyi anaghị agbasa na nsogbu: agbalị Bibie nke ochie, angular tagzi, emepụta na-abịa na otu nhọrọ na anya yiri ZIS-150, Otú ọ dị, iji mee ka Ebu n'ihi na ya Oghere Usoro mmepụta ke ẹdude ọnọdụ m nnọọ ike. N'ihi ya, na-arụ ọrụ na oru ngo ahụ kwụsịrị.

adịru nwa oge

Ebe ọ bụ na ọhụrụ igwe na-arụ ọrụ iji wuchaa, na ZIS-5 na ihe niile na-adabere na nke ochie, e kpebiri na-amalite mmepụta on a nwa oge ndabere, a ụgbọala akara UralZIS- 5M.

Hibere, ọ fọrọ adịghị iche si "Zahara", n'ihi na ụgbọ ala ka na-guzosie ike ochie-style ụlọ, naanị nku na ugbu a mechie, streamlined udi, yiri onye na bụ na tupu agha ụgbọala. Ma n'ime ụgbọala m agbanweela a otutu.

New "nri" nke ochie ụgbọala

Mbụ, ndị gbanwetụrụ "Zahar" nwere emelitere engine, nke e mma: crank na cylinder isi, arụnyere aluminum pistons na a ọhụrụ carburetor. Na-eme, nke a mere ka o kwe omume na-agbanwe mkpakọ ruru site n'ịzụ ya 5.7 (mbụ bụ 4.6), n'ihi na nke a na ụba ike nke engine (site na 76 ruo 85 l. C.) Ma a 7% Mbelata ke mmanụ ụgbọala oriri akara. The top ọsọ nke igwe mụbara site 10 km / h, na ugbu a bụ 70 km / h.

Na-na ụgbọala imewe emejuputa eruba mmanụ purifier, engine ngọngọ okpomọkụ, na-enye ụlọ ọrụ mbụ engine na-amalite na-elu-ya, ọbụna mgbe ntu oyi n'okpuru 20 degrees; ọhụrụ n'iru gia; mmanụ ụgbọala tank 110 lita; 12 eletriki ugbu a; na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ obere ndozi. Site n'ụzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na innovations e na ahụmahụ "353rd".

Agwa okwu "353rd"

Na 1956 o nwere ohere obibi UralZIS- 353 ịkwaga, n'ikpeazụ, si a nwụrụ anwụ na-ekwu. N'oge a, ndị Gorky Automobile Plant na-arụ ọrụ na GAZ-62. Ná mmalite, ndị na-emepụta zubere maka nke a ụgbọala boneeti layout. Ya mere, ulo n'onwe ya a ubé redesigned version nke nlereanya nke GAZ-51. Ma n'oge na-adịghị hapụrụ. Gorky kpebiri iji kokpiiti, nke a ga-etinye na engine. Otú ọ dị, nke mbụ, jụ version, stampụ ndị dị njikere, na ugbu a na ha bụ ndị na-na ina.

AA Lipgart - nkụzi Bauman University, na n'oge gara aga, ndị isi mmebe nke gas, na ihe engineer na mmepụta na Miass, maara nke ọma nsogbu ndị Urals. Ọ bụ ya na-gwara ndị na-ama na-enweghị isi na GAZ stampụ igosi ibe UralZIS-, nke e mere.

Car UralZIS- 355M

Na nnweta nke ọhụrụ tagzi UralZIS- 353 wee ọzọ agukọta markings - "355M". Ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ ala e weere ihe mma nke ochie "Zakhar Ivanovich," n'ezie otu fọrọ nke nta a ọhụrụ ụgbọala nlereanya. Wheelbase nọgidere fọrọ nke nta na-agbanweghi agbanwe, i.e. otu ihe ahụ nke ZIS-5 (3842 mm), ma ndị bụ isi akụkụ UralZIS- gbanwere 355M, predominantly ruru lengthened ka 470 mm n'elu ikpo okwu ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe a bụ n'ihi na ụba ibu-ebu ikike nke igwe (ruo 3-5 tọn), na aru onwe-ya, na ya arịọnụ na Chassis e ike n'ihi nzube a iji a siri ike rụpụta, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ tiri n'ámá. Site n'ụzọ, o doro anya na UralZIS- 355M, ụlọ nke bụ a ubé gbanwere version nke GAZ-51, ọnụ na a ọhụrụ ahụ dị ka a toro na size, "Lawn."

Modernization nke moto "355 nke"

Emelitere engine nke ụgbọala na-bụ a isi idegharị: na-emepụta na-eji ya na mmiri cylinder isi na ụba Itie oghere, na crankcase ventilashion. Ke adianade do, a gbanwetụrụ cam profaịlụ nke a cam, mma lubrication usoro na etinyere n'ime cylinder ngọngọ mgbochi corrosion liner. Nọkwasịrị n'ịnyịnya na crankshaft n'azụ mmanụ akara ewepu leakage mmanụ si crankcase site a na-amị na ZIS-5 nwere anwugh mwepu. Improvement ngwa mbanye usoro budata belata mkpọtụ n'oge engine ọrụ. Ke ofụri ofụri, Update Powertrain UralZIS- 355M belata arọ ya site 30 n'arọ.

Ọzọ mgbanwe mere imewe nke ụgbọala

Nnyefe e budata mma nri igbe packings, mee mesikwuru retaining mkpachị, site na nke ogologo-akwụsị atọ gia, dị ka a na-ahụkarị na "Zoha". Ọzọkwa, CPT kpọmkwem hiwere na-akwanyere ndị engine crankshaft.

Ọ bụghị chebere ntọghata na-ewu nke àkwà mmiri UralZIS- 355M. N'Ihu e mesikwuru pivot unit, nakwa dị ka eji shopping griiz. N'ihi na eziokwu na ndị ọhụrụ ụgbọala e ụba n'ihu wheel track, cross axle doo na-aghọkwa aba. Ebe azụ axle, bụ a na-eduga constructors ịtọ uru reducer na lining n'okpuru n'akụkụ Kwadobe na-agbanwe itinye n'ọnọdụ esi iko.

The n'ihu nkwusioru bụ na e mere n'ụdị ihe elongated akwukwo iyi na ujo absorber, nke mere ka ọ maa mma nro. Azụ, na Kama nke ahụ, na-ike ruru ụba cross-ngalaba Ibé akwụkwọ podressornikov nha.

Iji melite maneuverability nke ụgbọala, ọ na-esetịpụrụ a ọhụrụ n'iru usoro na a mfe kinematics na gia ruru nke 20,5: 1 (v ZIS-5, ọ bụ 15,9: 1).

Ke adianade do, UralZIS- 355M eji oge a na-alụbeghị di-waya 12-volt usoro, setịpụrụ Front na ụkwụ pedal mgba ọkụ button ìhè (dị nso), na agba anọ njikwa na direction egosi. N'ihi na abalị serviceability n'okpuru hundu arụnyere oriọna. Ke adianade do, ngwá panel e emelitere, na e nwere ụlọ n'uko ọkụ.

A ọma patency ụgbọala na-enye ubara nwechapụ, nke na-ekwekọghị ntinye-ọpụpụ akụkụ (44 degrees - n'ihu, 27,5 - n'azụ), na mma traction ji mara engine.

UralZIS- 355M: oru nkọwa

Ha bụ ndị dị ka ndị a:

• Wheel usoro - 4x2.
• Akụkụ - 6290 mm x 2280 mm x 2095 mm.
• Ground nwechapụ - 26,2 mm.
• Wheelbase: n'azụ - 1675 mm, Front - 1611 mm.
• Okirikiri nke adiana (mpụga) - 8.3 mita.
• Gross ibu - 7050 n'arọ.
• Ịkwụsị ibu - 3400 n'arọ.
• Payload UralZIS- 355M - 3500 n'arọ.
• Engine ike - 95 l / s.
• Mmanụ tank ike - 110 lita.
• Oriri nke mmanụ ụgbọala - 24 lita / 100 km.
• Ọsọ kacha - 75 km / h.

Serial mmepụta nke ụgbọala ọhụrụ

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na UralZIS- 355M ogologo oge na-agbalị itinye mmepụta, e mbụ zubere irapu nanị otu afọ (1959), na mgbe ahụ naanị iji yie ndị ziri ezi niile na mbụ nyekwara ke ọ na-efu. Otú ọ dị, ihe nlereanya na-ahapụ nzukọ akara ruo afọ asaa, bụ isi ruru elu ahịa nwale.

Ke adianade do, imewe nke ụgbọ ala oge kwukwara ụfọdụ ndozi: 1959 - na crossbar cardan eji aka uwe dochie na agịga amị, 1960 - ke n'ihu nkwusioru kama nke ochie menjuobi ujo absorbers guzosie ike mma - telescopic, 1961 - crankcase ventilashion ọ ghọrọ mechiri emechi.

N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ enwe oganihu, ọdịdị nke igwe nọgidere otu, ma e wezụga ịgbanwe e dere okụrede afo "ZIS", ma ugbu a ọ na-ele anya dị ka - "UralAZ". Ọ bụ ezie na n'etiti gwongworo na-anọgide "Zahar," ma ọ bụ ọzọ na-akpọ ya "Urals".

Mgbanwe "Urals"

The factory emepụta emelitere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu na-ekwu, a ọhụrụ "Zahara", na abụọ nsụgharị: UralZIS- 355M - osisi, na nke abụọ - dị nnọọ a Chassis, nke a na ọtụtụ na-eji n'okpuru tank.

Ebe ọ bụ na "Uralets" si anagide ihe flatbed ọkara ukara uka nwere ike ise tọn, na ezigbo ego na itoolu, mgbe ahụ, ụgbọ ala a na-eji dị ka a semitrailer traktọ.

Ọzọkwa na ina bụ UralZIS- 355M - osisi, ụgbọala na-adọkpụ - mgbasa ya. Ke adianade niile nke n'elu, Chassis 'Zahara' e ji mee ka a atọ igwe, banyeghachi n'ụgbọala anyị, assenizatorskaya tankị, Compressor ụgbọ. Na 1958 na Urals tọhapụrụ nile-wheel mbanye version nke ụgbọala, Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na ígwè bụ nnọọ obere ma na-akasị na Tipper version.

Na 1960 na Kazakhstan na ndabere nke anakọtara UralZIS- 355M ụgbọ ala na 40 oche, na n'ụgbọala-ụdị. Na nkenke, a ụgbọala si miasstsev mesịrị bụrụ nnọọ ihe ịga nke ọma, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na e nwere nanị a mgbanwe nke ihe ochie trehtonki ZIS-5.

Iji ebe ị chọrọ

355 afọ Oghere Usoro mmepụta nke mbụ coincided na mmepe nke na-amaghị nwoke na fallow ala, otú ahụ ka ụgbọ ala ukwuu n'ime zigara Siberia, na Far East, nakwa dị ka na Kazakhstan. Na Central na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke USSR ụgbọala a napụtara obere obere. Na 1962, otu nke gwongworo na mbupụ version e zigara Afghanistan na Finland.

Total ụgbọala osisi emepụta 192 puku igwe ndị a. Site ụkpụrụ nke uka mmepụta nke obere buru ibu, ọ dị ụgbọ ala eguzobewo onwe ya dị ka a ala mmezi, ukwuu pụrụ ịdabere na-siri ike igwe, na oké, dị ka ụkpụrụ, na-ebu ikike. N'agbanyeghị na nkwupụta na TTX 3.5 tọn, karịsịa enweghị straining, ọ bụ na-ebu, na ise tọn ibu. Ọkwọ ụgbọala hụrụ ya n'anya na comparative mma, n'ihi na oge a obere ụgbọala nwere ike ịnya isi ọnụnọ nke tagzi okpomọkụ. Ee, na ihe ịga nke ọma anakọtara nkwusioru na engine ezi traction ekwe ka ọkwọ ụgbọala na-eche nnọọ obi ike, ọbụna na a dị nnọọ njọ n'ụzọ.

Ke ofụri ofụri, UralZIS- 355M, ọ dịghị abụ a akụkọ nke Soviet ụgbọala ụlọ ọrụ, Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nke ala nke akwụkwọ, pụrụ ịdabere na mfe pụrụ iru eru. Ọ bụghị n'ihi na ihe ọ bụla n'ihi na a igwe e zigara na-arụ ọrụ ndị kasị sie ike n'ụzọ niile na mba na mpaghara.

The ikpeazụ ụgbọ ala anya nzukọ akara nke enterprise 16 October, 1965. On a ụbọchị, oge nke "Zakhar Ivanovich" zuru.

Ruo ugbu a na ihe ma ọ bụ obere mma ọ nọgidere naanị banyere iri abụọ ụgbọala, na mgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'okpuru ya ike ịkwaga abụghị na steeti, na ịrụzi ha bụ ekwe omume. Na ihe niile n'ihi na akụkụ-apụghị ịchọta na engine. N'ezie, ụfọdụ omenkà ka jisiri wụnye n'okpuru hundu nke engine ZIL ma na n'echiche na uru nke ụgbọ ala furu efu.