Ethyl mmanya: izugbe, ụzọ nkwadebe na ojiji

Alcohols - nkwekọrịta nke hydrocarbons, na a molekul ebe otu ma ọ bụ karịa hydrogens arụchiteere a hydroxyl otu (OH). Lower alcohols bụ soluble niile n'ike-n'ike na mmiri. Na alcohols asịd etolite esters. hydroxyl otu bụ hydrogen nwere ike dochie anya. N'ihi ya, n'okpuru ihe nke sodium metal alcoholates ii. Na hydrolysis usoro alkoxides amalite irekasị ka mmiri na sodium hydroxide.

Primary alcohols nke ọma oxidized na-etolite aldehydes. Aldehydes - organic ogige nwere OH iche iche na-enye esters; tisaa n'elu n'ihu ọxịdashọn na asịd na carboxylic ole na ole atọm. N'oge akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols nwetara unsaturated hydrocarbons. On aru aliphatic alcohols bụ n'ozuzu narcotic. The ike nke mmetụta nke mmanya dabeere na ha nkịtị Njirimara. Mgbe e jiri ya tụnyere mono- ma ọ bụ polyhydric alcohols chọpụtara na ihe ndị nke ikpeazụ a na-ebelatawo, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna na-efu, ie amụba nọmba nke hydroxyl iche iche na molekul ebelata pharmacological-eme ihe, n'ihi na ihe atụ, glycerol nwere dịghị appreciable ọgwụ edinam.

Nkwadebe nke ethyl mmanya

Mmanya maka ọgwụ nzube-enwetara site gbaa ụka nke sugars. Fermentable carbohydrates na-gụrụ rye, nduku, maize, na ndị ọzọ na osisi ihe. Ugbu a, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mara n'etiti nkebi nke aṅụrụma gbaa ụka. Na distillery abata ihe onwunwe (nduku na ka) na-ụzọ saa si n'ụwa na apịtị, na mgbe ahụ kwajuru n'ime a pụrụ iche Infusion akpa, nke na-emepụta uzuoku nrụgide na abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ atmospheres. Starch, nke di na nduku, si otú amama n'ime a tapawa. Ihe uka na-ebute site ná Mash tun na ike na e-akpali akpali a na-mma 50 degrees. Iji a na-agbakwunyere na malt na kasịnụ ruo 10% site na ibu ibu nke poteto. Malt barley Germination kwadebere. Na usoro nke Germination nke barley na mkpụrụ bụ guzobere na ìgwè enzymes, otu onye nke bụ enzyme amylase. The enzyme hydrolyzes na starch ka maltose. Mgbe ahụ, n'okpuru nduzi nke maltose enzyme invertase ghọọ otu okenye na-ajụ ka glucose. Ikpeazụ mmetụta Zymase ghọrọ ka ethanol na ntọhapụ nke carbon dioxide. The usoro a na-ewere zuru ezu mgbe mmalite nke carbon diokisda kwụsị. Ihe mmiri mmiri a na-akpọ wort, nke nwere banyere 18% mmanya dị iche iche intermediates gbaa ụka - glycerol, ethanal (aldehyde acetate), elu alcohols, esters, wdg Ọzọ, na Mash na-doro distillation. Akpa, a ngwakọta na mmanya ọdịnaya nke banyere 70%, mgbe ahụ, na ọkwa nke ikpeazụ na-ụba na 96%. Ethyl mmanya e gafere nke ikpeazụ ọcha site ọrụ unyi.

Aku na uba uru iji kwadebe synthetically mmanya - ethylene, nke n'okpuru edinam nke acid sulphate enye sulfatnoetilovy ether erekasịchaala n'okpuru ihe nke mmiri na ethyl mmanya a sulphate acid. Ọ ga-kwuru na mmanya nwere ike synthesized si acetylene. N'ihi nke a, acetylene e gabiga otu okenye ihe ngwọta nke acid sulphate na ọnụnọ nke mkpali, ọ attaches mmiri na-agafe n'ime ethanal. The aldehyde distilled gawa ma na-ebelata na hydrogen na mmanya. mmanya ịta na-kwupụtara degrees, e.g., 33 Celsius, 40 Celsius. Ndị a degrees na-egosi otú ihe olu nke na-aba n'anya dị na 100 nkeji nke olu nke ihe ngwọta.

E nwere ndị na-esonụ na-aba n'anya akara ule:

- raw (92-95 Celsius), insufficiently sụrụ nke fusel mmanụ na aldehydes;

- adị (95-96 Celsius), ihe fọrọ free nke adịghị;

- zuru - fọrọ anhydrous;

- denatured - raw mmanya, nke na-kwukwara pyridine eke nitrogenous isi; Ọ na-eji maka ulo oru na anụ ụlọ na nzube.

Ethyl mmanya - Inflammable uzo mmiri mmiri na-enwe a na-anọpụ iche mmeghachi omume, na mmanya isi na-ere ọkụ uto. Pure mmanya bụ ezi organic mgbaze. ethanol njupụta na-adabere na ya ịta na ngwọta (e.g., 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

The ojiji nke ethanol

Mbelata ma ọ bụ na-egbu microorganisms, karịsịa na kasịnụ n'elu 60-70%. The ọgwụ activates mgbaze, ozigbo enhances ọrụ nke akụkụ okuku ume na center na obi na-ada mbà. Hibere etinyere dị ka a disinfectant, irritant, a jụrụ na-enye ume ọhụrụ ọgwụgwọ nke Burns (m ogo na II) pụtara.