Gịnị bekee akpọ aldehydes na ketones? The ojiji nke aldehydes

Ogige-enwe na ya Ọdịdị a carbonyl otu bụ aldehydes ma ọ bụ ketones. The aldehydes (RCOH) carbonyl otu na-bonded ka a hydrocarbon buu na otu hydrogen atọm. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ị nwere ike na-ekwu na ndị a bekee nwere aldehyde otu (-COH), nke carbonyl center e jikọtara ya na a hydrogen atọm. The ketones (RCOR '), abụọ hydrocarbon radicals o sie ka a carbonyl otu. The aha na-abịa site aldehyde asịd, nke na ọxịdashọn ha tọghatara, e.g., ndanda (formaldehyde), ethyl (acetaldehyde), propionaldehyde, butyric, valeric aldehydes. Dị ka mba nomenclature akpọ aldehydes: ethanal, propanal. Aha nke aha ketone ụdị radicals, nke na-kwukwara agwụcha ketone. Ka ihe atụ, dimethyl ketone (acetone), methyl ethyl ketone. Aha mba nomenclature ketone abịa site na mgbakwunye na nke hydrocarbon mmechi -one, na n'ókè nke na-ekekọta nke carbonyl otu na-egosi a ọtụtụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ 2-propanone, 2-butanone. Jiri nke aldehydes na ketones, ruru ha anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara.

Aldehydes idi ọsọ ke organic onwu. Ọtụtụ fragrances na-ejikọrọ na a bekee. Aldehydes nwere Njirimara nke dịgasị iche iche na-adabere na buu emejupụta molekul. Lower nnochite anya - formic aldehyde - gas, ụdi - mmiri mmiri, solids dị elu. Formaldehyde na acetaldehyde nke ọma soluble na mmiri, na-solubility nke ọzọ homologs mbelata na-amụba molekụla arọ. Formic na acetic aldehydes nwere a pungent isi. Properties na ojiji nke aldehydes n'ihi ọnụnọ ha molekul a carbonyl otu.

Abụọ ala òtù a homologous usoro na "iji aldehydes" bụ ihe ndị kasị mkpa ka ndị ụlọ ọrụ uru - bu formaldehyde na acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde na-emepụta na a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, ihe 6 nde. Tọn / afọ. Ọ na-bụ-eji na mmepụta nke resins. Kwadebere polycondensation nke urea , urea-formaldehyde resin chọrọ maka imewe nke eriri na urughuru mbadamba, urea-formaldehyde ụfụfụ, nke na-eme mmiri ike akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ paperboard. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa iji aldehyde dabeere na mmeghachi omume nke formaldehyde na phenol polycondensation. The nke pụrụ ịkpata nke usoro phenol formaldehyde resin (Bakelite) ezigbo uru ihe, nke bụ na ina na n'ibu injinịa, ke imewe nke abrasive eletriki na ngwaahịa, na mmepụta nke lacquers na adhesives. Kwadebere si formaldehyde ọgwụ preparations (formaldehyde ngwọta maara dị ka formalin, na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ), sịntetik roba, explosives na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ organic bekee.

Acetaldehyde bụ ozugbo na-achị ngwaahịa, ma mmepụta mpịakọta ndị ala, ugbu a, ọ na-emepụta ihe na-erughị 1 nde. Ton / afọ. Na mbụ, iji ọdịnala acetaldehyde dị ka ngwaọrụ nke acetic acid. Nke a ngwa acetaldehyde ebelata na-adịbeghị anya, n'ihi na acetic acid na-emepụta ihe nke ọma si methanol (Monsanto usoro na Cativa usoro). Si ele ihe anya nke odide mmeghachi omume, acetaldehyde bụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa maka pyridine nkwekọrịta nke pentaerythritol na crotonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde kwesịrị n'ihi na mmepụta nke plastik (bara uru resins kwadebere si urea na acetaldehyde).

Ndị ọzọ so a homologous usoro na-na ina ke ahịa. Commercial ojiji nke aldehydes a na-na ha na-eji dị ka ngwaọrụ maka njikọ nke oxo alcohols-eji na mmepụta nke detergents. Ụfọdụ elu aldehydes na-emepụta obere obere (ihe na-erughị 1000 tọn / afọ) na-eji dị ka a flavor Efrata ke isisi. Ndị a gụnyere cinnamon na-eji ya emepụta, na citral lilial.