Gịnị bụ radiographic ule? Radiographic nyochaa welds. Radiographic ule: GOST

Ndabere nke radieshon akara bụ ikike nke nuclei ụfọdụ bekee (isotopes) na-amalite irekasị etolite ionizing radieshon. Na usoro nke nuclear fission na-ejected elementrị ahụ, nke a na-akpọ radieshon ma ọ bụ ionizing radieshon. radieshon Njirimara adabere ụdị nke mbụ ahụ enwupụta ntọala.

Corpuscular ionizing radieshon

Alpha radieshon na-egosi mgbe ndị ida nke arọ nuclei nke helium. Enwupụta ahụ iso nke a ụzọ protons na neutrons ụzọ. Ha nwere nnukwu uka na ala na-agba. Ndị a na-mere site na ha isi njimara: obere penetration na ike ike.

Neutron radieshon mejupụtara neutron agbanwe oge. Ndị ahụ na-adịghị ha onwe ha eletriki ụgwọ. Naanị mgbe neutrons emekọ na nuclei nke ụzarị ọkụ ihe ebubo ion na-guzobere, otú ahụ n'okpuru neutron radieshon eme abụọ rata radioactivity na ụzarị ọkụ ihe.

Beta radieshon sitere n'aka Jeremaya mere n'ime cell ntọala. Nke a mgbanwe nke a proton n'ime a neutron ma ọ bụ Anglịkan. Na nke a, electrons na-enwupụta ma ọ bụ antiparticle - positrons. Ndị ahụ nwere obere uka na oké elu na-agba. Ha nwere ikike ionize okwu ahụ bụ obere, dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere Alfa ahụ.

Ionizing radieshon na kwantum agwa

Gamma radieshon na-esonyere n'elu Filiks emit Alfa na beta ahụ si ire ere nke isotope atọm. An emission photon agbanwe oge, nke bụ akpa radieshon. Dị ka ìhè, gamma radieshon nwere a-efegharị efegharị na okike. Gamma urughuru njem na ndị na-agba nke ìhè, karị, nwere a elu penetrating ike.

X-ụzarị na-nwere ya ndabere na akpa ebili mmiri, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ yiri nnọọ ka gamma radieshon. Na-akpọ bremsstrahlung. Sitere ike ọ na-adabere na njupụta nke ụzarị ọkụ ihe. Dị ka a ray nke ìhè ya doo a film na-adịghị mma tụrụ. Nke a na atụmatụ nke X-ray na ọtụtụ-eji dị iche iche ubi nke ụlọ ọrụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Radiographic NDT usoro bụ tumadi ji gamma- na X-ụzarị ọkụ, nke nwere akpa ife uwa, na neutrons. N'ihi na mmepụta nke radieshon iji pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ.

X-ray igwe

X-ụzarị na-nwetara site na iji X-ray akpa. Nke a iko ma ọ bụ soldered metal-seramiiki cylinder, site na nke na-agwụ ikuku iji mee ngwangwa ije nke electrons. On abụọ nke electrodes ejikọrọ thereto na-abụghị ebubo.

The cathode - a gburugburu nke tungsten filament, nke na-eduzi a mkpa doo nke electrons na anode. Nke ikpeazụ a na-emekarị ka nke ọla kọpa, ọ nwere ihe oblique ịkpụ na n'akuku nke 40 70 degrees. Ke n'etiti ya nwere a efere mere nke tungsten, a na-akpọ na-elekwasị anya anode. The cathode na-ọnọ ihe nwetụ ugbu a ugboro ole nke 50 Hz ike a nwere ihe dị iche na okporo osisi ya. Eruba n'ime electrons na a doo dara na na a tungsten anode efere site na nke ahụ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama ngwa ngwa ngagharị na akpa oscillations ime. Ya mere roentgen ụzarị na-akpọ mgbochi. Radiographic akara bụ tumadi eji X-ụzarị.

Gamma na neutron emitters

A gamma radieshon iyi - a redioaktivu mmewere emekarị isotope nke cobalt, iridium ma ọ bụ cesium. Na ngwaọrụ ọ na-etinye na a pụrụ iche iko Capsule.

Neutron emitters na-rụrụ na a yiri ụkpụrụ, ọ na-eji naanị na ike nke neutron agbanwe oge.

radiography

Dị ka usoro nke nchọpụta pụta dị iche radioscopic, radiometric na radiographic akara. Nke ikpeazụ usoro e ji na na onyeōzi pụta dere n'elu film ma ọ bụ efere. Radiographic ule emee site n'itinye radieshon ọkpụrụkpụ nke na-achịkwa ihe. Na n'okpuru ihe detector akara image na-egosi na nke tụrụ na n'ọnyá egosi na o kwere omume ntụpọ (cavities, pores, cracks) esịnede voids jupụta na ikuku, ebe ọ bụ na ionization nke dị iche iche bekee mgbe ụzarị ọkụ njupụta emee inhomogeneously.

N'ihi nchọpụta nke na-egosi na ojiji nke efere ihe onwunwe, a film, ihe X-ray akwụkwọ.

Uru Weld nnyocha radiographic usoro na ya-adịghị emezi emezi

Mgbe ịlele àgwà nke ịgbado ọkụ eji magnetik, radiographic na ultrasonic ule. Na mmanụ na gas ụlọ ọrụ karịsịa juputara enyocha ebe welded anwụrụ nkwonkwo. Ọ bụ na ndị a ndi radiographic nnyocha usoro bụ ndị kasị ewu ewu n'ihi na nke undoubted uru n'elu ọzọ akara ụzọ. Firstly, ọ na-atụle ihe ndị kasị doro anya: na detector nwere ike ịhụ kpọmkwem mbipụtaghachi nke esịtidem ala nke okwu na ebe nke ntụpọ na ha ndepụta.

Ọzọ uru - a pụrụ iche nkenke. Mgbe eduzi ultrasonic ma ọ bụ agbanwe agbanwe oge-uzọ-ama akara e nwere mgbe a puru ụgha nchọpụta n'ihi na kọntaktị achọ na ụfọdụ Weld. Mgbe ndị na-abụghị na kọntaktị radiographic nnyocha bụ omume, ie, mkpumkpu ma ọ bụ ike na-ebupụta abụghị nsogbu.

Thirdly, usoro enye gị ohere ịchịkwa a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe, gụnyere ndị na-abụghị magnetik.

N'ikpeazụ, usoro bụ adabara maka oghom ihu igwe na technical ọnọdụ. E radiographic akara nke mmanụ na gas pipelines bụ nanị kwe omume. Magnetik na ultrasound ngwá mgbe enye malfunctions ruru ala okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ bughi atụmatụ.

Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ọtụtụ ọghọm:

• Method radiographic nnyocha welded nkwonkwo dabere na ojiji nke dị oké ọnụ na ngwá na consumables;
• Ọ na-achọ akpan zụrụ pesonel;
• Arụ ọrụ na redioaktivu radieshon dị ize ndụ nye ahụ ike.

Nkwadebe maka akara

Nkwadebe. Ka emitters eji X-ray igwe ma ọ bụ gamma ntụpọ. Hichaa elu, a visual nnyocha maka anya anya ntụpọ, na-akanye nnyocha isiokwu ebe ha na-akanye tupu mmalite nke radiographic nnyocha welds. Lelee arụmọrụ nke akụrụngwa.

Ịlele larịị nke uche. Na ebe ẹkenịm ụkpụrụ susceptibility ule:

• waya - mechie ya, perpendicular ya;
• grooving - apụ apụ si onuete bụ ihe na-erughị 0,5 cm, na grooves direction - perpendicular na onuete;
• Efere - apụ apụ si onuete nke dịkarịa ala 0,5 cm ma ọ bụ a onuete na akwụkwọ na-akanye ihe ịrịba ama ekwesịghị anya na foto a.

akara

Technology, na sekit na sekit radiographic nnyocha welds na-mepụtara, dabeere na ọkpụrụkpụ, udi, imewe atụmatụ nke na-achịkwa ihe, na dị na nkọwapụta. The kacha allowable anya si akara ihe na radiographic film - 150 mm.

The n'akuku n'etiti ntụziaka nke ray na nkịtị na film ga-erughị 45 Celsius.

The anya si radieshon iyi ule n'elu na gbakọọ dị ka nkọwapụta maka dị iche iche nke welds na ihe ọkpụrụkpụ.

Evaluation n'ime ya pụta. Ogo nke radiographic ule na-adabere na detector eji. Mgbe na-eji radiographic film tupu n'itinye onye ọ bụla ogbe ga-anwale maka ndaba na achọrọ kwa. Reagents maka nhazi oyiyi nwekwara anwale kwesịrị ekwesị dị na nkọwapụta. Film nkwadebe maka Control na Management of okokụre oyiyi kwesịrị ịbụ na a pụrụ iche n'ebe gbara ọchịchịrị. Finished oyiyi ga-doo anya, na-enweghị na-enweghị isi tụrụ emulsion oyi akwa kwesịrị a ga-agbaji. Images nke ụkpụrụ na kpọọ kwesịkwara anya ọma.

Iji chọpụta ihe nlekota nha nke size nke ahụrụ ntụpọ iji pụrụ iche ndebiri, magnifiers,-achị achị.

Dị ka nlekota results, ka a mkpebi siri ike na ndaba, idozi ma ọ bụ ịjụ, nke bụ na e mere magazin ike ụdị NTD.

The ojiji nke filmless ziri

Taa, digital technology na-esiwanye webata ulo oru mmepụta, gụnyere ke radiographic na-abụghị na-ebibi ule usoro. E nwere ọtụtụ mbụ nmepe nke ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ.

Mgbe a digital data nhazi usoro n'oge radiographic eji reusable mgbanwe efere mere nke acrylic ma ọ bụ site. X-ụzarị ada na efere, whereupon na laser na-scanned, na ihe oyiyi na-tọghatara na ileba anya. Mgbe akara efere ndokwa ebe analogously film ziri.

Nke a na usoro nwere ọtụtụ doro anya uru tụnyere film radiography:

• Ọ dịghị mkpa na ogologo usoro nke film nhazi akụrụngwa na a pụrụ iche ụlọ n'ihi nzube a;
• ọ dịghị mkpa ka mgbe niile ịzụta film na reagents maka ya;
• ikpughe usoro na-ewe obere oge;
• ozugbo nnyefe nke digital oyiyi mma;
• ngwa ngwa archiving na nchekwa nke data na kọmputa media;
• ikike iji multiple efere;
• ike radieshon na ịchịkwa ike belata ọkara, na ịdị omimi nke penetration na-abawanye.

Nke ahụ bụ, na e nwere a na-eri ego nke oge na Mbelata ikpughe etoju, na ya mere ihe ize ndụ na-arụ ọrụ.

Safety n'oge radiographic ule

Iji belata ọjọọ mmetụta nke redioaktivu ụzarị na ahụ ike nke na-arụ na-achọ ka enupughi isi na iwu nchekwa jikoro maka mmejuputa iwu niile nkebi nke radiographic ule nke welded nkwonkwo. Basic nchekwa iwu:

• All akụrụngwa ga-roadworthy, nwere ndị dị mkpa akwụkwọ, na performers - achọrọ larịị nke ọzụzụ;
• na mpaghara nke akara Ekwela ka mmadụ na-abụghị nwanne ka mmepụta;
• emitter n'oge ọrụ, onye ọrụ a ga-emi odude ke n'akụkụ chere nduzi nke radieshon bụ ihe na-erughị 20 m ;
• na radieshon isi iyi ga-onwem na a nchebe, nke na-egbochi ndị dispersion nke ụzarị na ohere;
• Anọla na mpaghara nke kwere omume radieshon ikpughe ókè n'ihi na ogologo oge;
• Radieshon etoju nọ n'ógbè ịchọta ndị a ga-mgbe niile na-ekwu iji dosimeters;
• ebe mgbakọ ga-onwem na n'aka nchedo sitere mmetụta nke radieshon, dị ka ụzọ Ibé akwụkwọ.

Nkọwa na teknuzu akwụkwọ, GOST

Radiographic ule nke welded nkwonkwo a rụrụ dị ka GOST 3242-79. Key akwụkwọ maka radiographic ule - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. The size nke na-akanye ihe ịrịba ama ga-esoriri na GOST 15843-79. Type na ike nke radieshon isi mmalite họrọ dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ na njupụta nke ụzarị ọkụ na ihe onwunwe dị ka GOST 20426-82.

Class uche na ụdị nke ọkọlọtọ na-usoro GOST 23055-78 na GOST 7512-82. The nhazi nke radiographic oyiyi a rụrụ dị ka GOST 8433-81.

Mgbe na-arụ ọrụ na isi mmalite nke radieshon ga-eduzi ndị na-ndokwa nke Federal Iwu "On radieshon Safety nke Population", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic Sanitary Iwu maka radieshon Safety", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.