Invasion Batu rus (nkenke). The esi nke na mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia

Mbuso agha nke Batu rus (Century nke Iri na Atọ) - Army mbuso agha nke Mongol Alaeze Ukwu na ókèala ndị oge ochie alaeze. Ihe omume a ekpe a miri emi akara ke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke anyị motherland. Next, tụlee otú mbuso agha nke Batu rus (nkenke).

prehistory

M biri ndụ ogologo oge tupu Mongol ukwu Batu ghọrọ usoro atụmatụ maka mmeri nke Eastern European n'ókèala. Na 1220-ies. Ọ e rụrụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-akwadebe maka ọdịnihu mmeri. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke na ọ bụ ibugo onu puku iri atọ agha Jebe na Subedeya ókèala ndị South Caucasus na South-Eastern Europe na 1222-24 biennium. Nzube nke ọ bụ naanị ọgụgụ isi, na-ekpokọta ọmụma. Na 1223 ọ mere n'oge mkpọsa a, Agha nke Kalka. The agha ahụ biri na mmeri maka Mongol. N'ihi nke mkpọsa n'ọdịnihu mmeri mụụrụ n'ọdịnihu battlefields, anyị mụtara banyere mgbidi na ndị agha natara ozi na ọnọdụ nke-isi nke rus. Site na Polovtsian steppes Jebe Subedeya agha gaa Volga Bulgaria. Ma Mongol e meriri e we laghachi na Central Asia site steppes nke oge a na Kazakhstan. Mmalite nke mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia bụ nnọọ na mberede.

The mbibi nke ndị na Ryazan ebe

Mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia, na obere, e iji na n'ịbụ ohu nke ndị mmadụ, ọdịdọ na annexation nke ókèala ndị ọhụrụ. Mongol pụtara na ndịda ala nke Ryazan ihe gbasara onye isi na na chọrọ na-akwụ ụtụ ha. Prince Yuri jụrụ maka enyemaka si George Mihaila Chernigovskogo na Vladimir. Ọnụego Batu Ryazan ọrụ nnọchite anya obodo e bibiri. The Grand Duke duru ndị agha ya, na Murom shelves na ókè-ala agha, ma agha furu efu. Iji nyere Ryazan Yuri Vsevolodovich zitere Union agha. E nwere ndị shelves nke nwa-ya Vsevolod, ndị mmadụ Jeremiah nduzi obodo Glebovich, Novgorod agha. Nke a agha sonyeere agha gbaghachi azụ si Ryazan. The obodo dara mgbe a ụbọchị isii nnọchibido. Zitere regiments aghaghị ịlụ ndị mwakpo nso Kolomna, ma e meriri.

Results nke mbụ agha

Mmalite nke mbuso agha nke Batu rus ji mbibi bụghị naanị nke Ryazan, ma mbibi nke dum ihe gbasara onye isi. The Mongol weghaara Pronsk, weghaara Prince Oleg m nke Ryazan. Mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia (ụbọchị nke mbụ agha depụtara n'elu) so site na mbibi nke ọtụtụ obodo ukwu na obodo nta. N'ihi ya, Mongol ebibi Belgorod Ryazan. Nke a obodo bụghị e ekemende weghachiri eweghachi. Tula eme nnyocha mata ya na mmezi n'ime osimiri gbalaga, nso obodo nke Beloroditsa (16 km si oge a Venev). Ọ na-e bibiri n'ala, Voronezh Ryazan. Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke obodo na-gbahapụrụ ọtụtụ narị afọ. Naanị na 1586 na saịtị nke a mmezi ya e wuru nkera. Mongol ebibi ma pụtara maara nke ọma obodo Dedoslavl. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta mata ya na mmezi nso obodo nke Dedilovo, n'aka-nri n'usọ osimiri. Shat.

Onye agha na Vladimir na Suzdal

Mgbe e meriri ndị Ryazan ala mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia na ọ kwụsịtụrụ a ole na ole. Mgbe Mongol wakporo Vladimir-Suzdal n'ala, ha na mberede jide shelves Evpatii Kolovrat - Ryazan boyar. Na nke a na anya squad bụ ike iti ndị mwakpo, ịta arọ losses. January 20, 1238, mgbe a ise ụbọchị nnọchibido, da Moscow. Chebe obodo ndị Vladimir (nwa nwoke ikpeazụ nke George) na Filip nurse. Na isi nke orú na iri squad jiri Moscow squad, dị ka isi mmalite, bụ Shiban. Yuri Vsevolodovich, na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe ugwu nke Sit River, malitere na-anakọta a ọhụrụ squad, nọ na-echere reinforcements si Svyatoslav na Yaroslav (ụmụnne ya). Ná mmalite February 1238-nke Pal Vladimir mgbe otu ụbọchị asatọ nnọchibido. Ọ gburu ndị ezinụlọ Prince George. N'otu February, ma e wezụga Vladimir dara n'obodo dị ka Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Rostov, Galich-Mersky, Kostroma, Gorodets, Tver, Dmitrov, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl . Ha na-weghaara na Novgorod ịta ahịhịa Portage Lamsky na Vologda.

Ọnọdụ na Volga mpaghara

Mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia bụ nnọọ oké ọchịchọ. Ke adianade isi, ndị Mongol bu obere ike. Na-enyemaka nke ọhụrụ ọdịdọ E duziri nke Volga mpaghara. Secondary agha edu Burundai izu atọ kpuchie ugboro abụọ na anya karịa isi Mongolian agha mgbe a nọchibidoro Torzhok na Tver, na si Uglich ka River City. Vladimirskie shelves enweghị oge iji kwadebe maka agha, na-gbara ya gburugburu na fọrọ nke nta ebibi. Part nke n'okporo ámá e weghaara. Ma n'otu oge na Mongol taa ahụhụ losses. Center Jaroslav onwunwe dina kpọmkwem n'okporo ụzọ ndị Mongol akwalite Novgorod si Vladimir. Pereslavl-Zaleski e maka ụbọchị ise. Ọ nwụrụ n'oge kpọọ nke Tver, otu n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom Prince Yaroslav (aha ya ka e chekwara). Ihe emere n'ubọchi adịghị nwere ozi na-ekere òkè Agha nke City of Novgorod. Ọ dịghị aha banyere ihe ọ bụla Yaroslav omume. Ụfọdụ na-eme nnyocha na-mesie na nnapụta enyemaka Torzhok Novgorod eziteghi.

The results nke ọdịdọ nke Volga ala

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere Tatishchev, na-ezo aka n'ihi nke agha, dọọrọ uche gaa n'eziokwu na weere na nkeji nke Mongol ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe karịrị nke Russian. Otú ọ dị, Tatars mere ka ha na-efu nke ndị mkpọrọ. Ha n'oge ahụ karịa ndị mwakpo onwe ha. Ya mere, ihe atụ, mgbe a batara nke Vladimir malitere nanị mgbe otu ahụ si Mongol n'okpuru Suzdal mkpọrọ.

agbachitere Kozelsk

Mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia kemgbe mmalite nke March 1238 mbụ ẹkenịmde ke a kapịrị plan. Mgbe na-ewere Torzhok residues detachment Burundi, isonyere elu na isi-agha, na mberede ghọọ a steppe. Mwakpo Novgorod bụghị ruru ihe dị ka 100 kilomita. Dị iche iche na isi mmalite ndị nsụgharị dị iche iche nke a n'aka. Ụfọdụ kwuru na ihe kpatara ya bụ na mmiri igbaze, na ndị ọzọ - iyi egwu nke agu. Ọ bụla, mbuso agha nke ndị agha Batu gara Russia, ma na ndị ọzọ na direction.

Ugbu a ndị Mongol nọ na kewara abụọ iche iche. Isi detachment gafere n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Smolensk (30 km si n'obodo), na mere a na-akwụsị na Dolgomostya ala. e nwere ihe gosiri na otu nke akwụkwọ e ji amụ na Mongol e meriri gbaa ọsọ. Mgbe ahụ, isi party kpaliri ndịda. Ebe a mbuso agha nke Russia ji mbuso agha nke Batu Khan na ókè nke Chernigov ala, ọkụ Vshchizh, emi odude ke nso Central n'ógbè nke ihe gbasara onye isi. Dị ka ozi site na otu isi, na njikọ na ihe ndị a gburu 4 nwa Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha. Mgbe ahụ, isi agha nke Mongol tụgharịa inikiet inikiet ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Eti Karachev na Bryansk, Tatars jide Kozelsk. Eastern Group, ugbu a, wee ebe ke ini utọ 1238-nke nso Ryazan. Mere agha ndị Buri na Kadan. Na Kozelsk n'oge ahụ buru eze Basil - 12-afọ nwa nwa Mstislav Sviatoslavovych. The agha n'ihi na obodo were izu asaa. Site May 1238 abụọ iche iche dị n'otu n'okpuru Mongol Kozelsk weghara ya mgbe ụbọchị atọ gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na oké losses.

ọzọ merenụ

Mbuso agha nke Russia Batu Khan ke ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 13 malitere sporadik. The Mongol wakporo naanị na n'ókè ala, n'oge suppression nke nnupụisi na Kipchak steppe na Volga mpaghara. Na ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị, na ọgwụgwụ nke akụkọ banyere mkpọsa nke ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ókèala, ọ na-ezo aka nwayọọ na-eso mbuso agha nke Batu rus ( "Year nke Udo" - na 1238 site na 1239-nke). Mgbe October 18, 1239 nke a nọchibidoro ma e Chernihiv. Mgbe ọdịda nke obodo nke Mongol malitere kwakọrọ ma mebie ebe tinyere Desna na Sejm. Bibiri ma bibie ndị Rylsk, Vyr, Glukhov, Putivl, Gomiy.

Hiking n'ókèala na Dnieper

Iji nyere ndị Mongolian agha abuana ke Trans-Caucasus, e zigara anyị ahụ gawa site Bukdaem. Nke a mere na 1240. Ihe dị ka n'otu oge ahụ, kpebie iji zipu Batu Munch, oké ifufe na Guyuk n'ụlọ. Ndị fọdụrụ agha regrouped, na-agbakwụnye na-efu nke a abụọ n'agha povolzhtsev na Polovtsian. The ọzọ direction ghọrọ ókèala ndị nri akụ nke Dnieper. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha (Kyiv, Volyn, Galician na, ikekwe, Turov-Pinsk ihe gbasara onye isi) na 1240 bụ iji mee ka ọnụ n'okpuru ikike nke Daniel na cornflowers - umu Roman Mstislavovich (Volyn gọvanọ). First, na-atụle onwe ha agaghị enwe ike iguzogide ndị Mongol gara eve nke mbuso agha nke Hungary. Presumably nzube nke Daniel bụ ịjụ eze Bila VI aka repelling ọgụ nke Tatars.

The esi nke na mbuso agha nke Batu na Russia

Dị ka a n'ihi nke obi fere azụ mwakpo nke Mongol gburu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ala bi. Ọ ebibi ukwuu nke buru ibu ma na obere obodo na obodo nta. Budata emetụta Chernihiv, Tver, Ryazan, Suzdal, Vladimir, Kiev. Wezụga ndị Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, obodo nke Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk na Suzdal isi. Dị ka a n'ihi nke mbuso agha nke omenala dịtụ nnukwu ógbè ahụhụ irreparable mebiri. Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ n'obodo fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam nke nkume na-ewu ahụ kwụsịrị. Ke adianade do, ndị dị otú ahụ mgbagwoju anya craft okụrede ka ọla Ndinam iko, ọka mmepụta, mobile, cloisonne, mmiri polychrome seramiiki. Russia lags budata n'azụ na ya mmepe. Ọ na-e hapụrụ ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Ma mgbe Western Guild ụlọ ọrụ na-eto na ogbo nke oge ochie ìgwè, Russian craft ọzọ ẹkenịmde otu n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme ngalaba nke ụzọ nke e mere n'ihu mbuso agha nke Batu.

On ndịda ala nke biri bi okụrede fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam. Ịlafere bi gara n'oké ọhịa dị n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-edozi na n'etiti Oka na Volga, North. Na ebe ndị a, ọ dịla a colder ihu igwe na tụụrụ Ona dị ka n'ebe ndịda na mpaghara, ebibi ma bibiri ndị Mongol. Trade ụzọ gasị na-achịkwa ndị Tatars. N'ihi nke a, e nweghị nkwurịta okwu n'etiti Russia na ndị ọzọ na esenidụt mba. Ọhaneze na mmepe nke nna na akụkọ ihe mere eme oge na-na a nnọọ ala dị larịị.

Dị ka agha akụkọ ihe mere eme

Researchers mara na usoro nke guzobere na mmakọ nke malite nkeji na regiments oké agha, nke specializes na kpọmkwem igbu machetes, nyawaa na Russia ozugbo mbuso agha nke Batu. N'oge a, e nwere a ịdị n'otu nke ọrụ na ihu nke a otu warrior onyenwe ya. Ọ manyere gbaa a ụta na n'otu oge ahụ na-alụ ọgụ na mma agha na ube. Site na nke a anyị nwere ike ikwubi na ọbụna naanị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu, feudal nke Russian agha na ya mmepe akwụsịwo maka a di na nwunye nke ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Annals adịghị nwere ọmụma banyere ịdị adị nke iche iche bipu nkeji. Nke a bụ ihe kwere nghọta. N'ihi na ha guzobere na-mkpa ndị mmadụ njikere kewapụta si mmepụta na-ere ha ọbara maka ego. Na na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na nke e rus naemnichestvo ọ bụ nnọọ ihe dị oké ọnụ.