Ivan Turgenev: biography, ndụ ya na ọrụ ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ na Stories

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich, akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi, novellas na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke na-mara na hụrụ n'anya ọtụtụ ndị taa, a mụrụ October 28, 1818, n'obodo Orel, oge ochie magburu onwe ya na ezinụlọ. Ivan Turgenev nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Varvara Petrovna (mụrụ Lutovinovo) na Turgeneva Sergeya Nikolaevicha.

nne na nna Turgenev

Ya na Nna ya na-eje ozi na ndi agha ndi agha Elisavetgrad. Mgbe ya na nwunye ya na o nwere n'usoro nke ndị agha lara ezumike nká. Sergey bụ oge ochie magburu onwe ya na ezinụlọ. Nna nna ya na-kweere na a na-Tartars. Nne nke Ivan Sergeyevich abụghị otu elu-mụrụ nna, ma ọ bụ ya ka elu akụ na ụba. Sara mbara ala Orel ógbè, bụ Varvara Petrovna. Sergey iche nghọta nke omume na a ego ukpụhọde. Ọ nwere ezi obi, bụ ndị mara mma. Nne ọdịdị ahụ adịghị otú ahụ. Nwanyị a furu efu na nna-ya n'oge. Egwu ujo o nwetara na-eto eto, mgbe ọ gbalịrị ịrata kuchiri. Varvara gbapụrụ n'ụlọ. Ivan nne, ahụhụ mweda n'ala na mmegbu, gbalịrị-uru nke ike nyere ya iwu na odidi nke ụmụ ya. Nwanyị a bụ dị iche iche mkpebisi. Ọ hụrụ ụmụ ya edoghi any, na serfs bụ omume obi ọjọọ, mgbe mgbe maka trifling infractions ahuhu site pịara ha.

Ileba na Bern

Na 1822 Turgenev gara esenidụt njem. Na Bern, Switzerland obodo, Ivan Sergeyevich fọrọ nke nta gburu. The eziokwu na nna nke nwa na-enweghị on a ngere igwe ndobe na gburugburu obodo na a nnukwu oghere bea ẹnyene na-ege ntị. Ivan jumped si igwe ndobe. Sergei Nikolaevich na ikpeazụ oge jidere ya nwa ụkwụ.

Maruuru Belles lettres

Turgenevs si a njem ná mba ọzọ na Spasskoe- Lutovinovo, nne na nna ihe onwunwe, bụ kilomita iri na ise site na Mtsenska (Orlovskaya ógbè). Ebe a Ivan chọpụtara akwụkwọ: otu serf serf nwata nne agụ ochie, raspevno na rhythmically, na uri "Rossiada" Kheraskov. KHERASKOV na ukwu amaokwu chanted agha n'ihi na Kazan Tatars na Russian n'oge ọchịchị nke Ivan too ogologo. Ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, Turgenev na ya akwụkwọ 1874 "Punin na Baburin" nyere onye na-agụ akụkọ na ọrụ nke ịhụnanya "Rossiade".

ịhụnanya mbụ

Ivan Sergeyevich ezinụlọ ebe ọ bụ na mbubreyo 1820s na akpa ọkara nke 1830s bụ na Moscow. Na afọ 15, Turgenev maka oge mbụ dara na ịhụnanya. N'oge a, ndị ezinụlọ bụ na obi Engel. Ndị agbata obi Shahovskaya adaeze na nwa ya nwaanyị, Princess Catherine, onye bụ 3 afọ tọọ Ivan Turgenev. First Ịhụnanya Turgenev yiri na-adọrọ mmasị, mara mma. Ọ bụ egwu nke girl, egwu na-ekweta na-atọ ụtọ na ike gwụrụ mmetụta achịkwa ya. Otú ọ dị, na njedebe nke ọṅụ na ahụhụ, olileanya na egwu-abịa na mberede: Ivan S. mmadụ na mberede mụtara na Catherine - hụrụ n'anya nke nna ya. Turgenev ogologo chua mgbu. Ha akụkọ ịhụnanya na-eto eto girl, ọ ga-enye ndị dike nke nchụàjà na 1860 , "First Ịhụnanya". Na-arụ ọrụ a, Catherine ghọrọ prototype nke adaeze Zinaida Zasyekin.

Na-amụ na mahadum nke Moscow na St. Petersburg, nna ya nwụsịrị

Background Ivan Turgeneva na-aga n'ihu na-amụ oge. Turgenev, na September 1834, ọ banyere University of Moscow, na ọnụ ngalaba. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị obi ụtọ na ya akwụkwọ na mahadum. Ọ mmasị CBM, a nkụzi mgbakọ na mwepụ, na Dubno, onye ndú nke ndị Russian asụsụ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị nkụzi na ọmụmụ ekpe kpamkpam indifferent amụrụ Turgenev. Ụfọdụ na-ezi ozizi na-akpọ doro asị. Nke a na-emetụta karịsịa ka Pobedonostsev, nke bụ tedious na ogologo na-ekwu banyere akwụkwọ na ike ịkpali n'ihu Lomonosov na ha allegiances. Mgbe 5 afọ, Turgenev iso ya ọmụmụ na Germany. Oh, ọ na-ekwu na University nke Moscow: "Ọ bụ ihe jupụtara ndị nzuzu."

Ivan Sergeyevich naanị nọrọ otu afọ na Moscow. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1834 ọ kwagara St. Petersburg. Ebe a, ndị agha ahụ gụnyere nwanne ya Nicholas. Ivan Turgenev wee na-amụ na St. Petersburg University. Nna ya nwụrụ na October nke otu afọ site akụrụ nkume, nri na aka nke Ivan. Ya na nwunye ya, enye ama biri iche. Nna Ivan Turgenev bụ nwanyị na ngwa ngwa efu mmasị nwunye ya. Varvara Petrovna ama agbaghara ya maka na ịghọ aghụghọ ule na ekwubigaghị okwu ókè ha onwe ha nhụsianya na ọrịa, na-etinye onwe ya dị ka a aja ya callousness na irresponsibility.

A miri ọnya na mkpụrụ obi nke Turgenev ekpe nna ya nwụsịrị. Ọ malitere na-eche banyere ndụ na ọnwụ na pụtara adị. Turgenev n'oge a dọtara dike ahuhu, doro anya odide, achụpụ na siiri nke mkpụrụ obi, kwuru ihe ọhụrụ, magburu asụsụ. Ọ reveled amaokwu VG Benediktova na NV Puppeteer, ifo AA Bestuzhev-Marly. Ivan Turgenev dere na n'iṅomi Byron (-ede akwụkwọ nke "Manfred") a dị ịrịba ama uri na-akpọ "The Wall". Mgbe ihe karịrị afọ 30, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ "nnọọ mkpari ọrụ."

Ede uri, Republican echiche

Turgenev oyi 1834-1835 gg. oké ọrịa. O nwere a adịghị ike na ahụ, ọ na-agaghị eri ma ọ bụ na-ehi ụra. Ebe natara, Ivan Sergeyevich nnọọ gbanwere uche na ọkpụkpụ. Ọ ike agbatị na ida mmasị mgbakọ na mwepụ dọtara ya tupu, na-esiwanye bịara nwee mmasị Belles lettres. Turgenev malitere ide ọtụtụ uri, kamakwa imitative na adịghị ike. N'otu oge ahụ ọ bịara nwee mmasị na Republican echiche. serfdom adị na mba, o chere dị ka a ihere na kasị ukwuu na-ezighị ezi. Na Turgenev ike echiche nke ikpe ọmụma n'ihu niile nkịtị, n'ihi na nne ya bụ obi ọjọọ ha. O kwere nkwa ime ihe niile iji hụ na ọ dịghị òtù Russia "ohu."

Maruuru Pletnev na Pushkin, akwụkwọ nke mbụ poems

Turgenev amụrụ ya nke atọ afọ o zutere na P. A. Pletnevym, a prọfesọ nke Russian akwụkwọ. A edemede nkatọ, a na-ede uri, a enyi nke A. S. Pushkina, nke a raara nye nchụàjà "Eugene Onegin". Ná mmalite 1837, mgbe a edemede mgbede na ya, Ivan Sergeyevich chere ihu na site Pushkin onwe ya.

Na 1838, na magazin "Contemporary" (mbụ na nke anọ ụlọ) Turgenev abụọ poems e bipụtara: "Site Medici Venus" na "Anyasị." Ivan S. wee bipụtara poems. The mgbalị mbụ na ide na e biri ebi, mîdaha enye ama.

Wee ọmụmụ Germany

Na 1837 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na St. Petersburg University Turgenev (na ọnụ ngalaba). -Enweta ihe ọmụmụ ahụ, ọ bụghị obi ụtọ, na-eche na gaps na ihe ọmụma ha. Ọkọlọtọ nke oge e weere dị ka German mahadum. Na na opupu ihe ubi nke 1838, Ivan Sergeyevich gara mba a. O kpebiri na-akwụsị ndị University of Berlin, ebe ọ na-akụzi nkà ihe ọmụma nke Hegel.

Ná mba ọzọ, Ivan Sergeyevich ghọrọ enyi na thinker na-ede uri N. V. Stankevichem, enyere na na M. A. Bakuninym, bụ onye mesịrị ghọọ a maara nke ọma revolutionary. Mkparịta ụka na akụkọ ihe mere eme na metụtara nkà ihe ọmụma o nwere na T. N. Granovskim, a ma ama ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu. Ivan Sergeyevich bịara doo n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. Russia, n'echiche nke ya, ga-agbaso ihe nlereanya nke Europe, igbu gị amaghị, umengwụ, n'amaghị ihe.

ọha ọrụ

Turgenev, ọ laghachiri Russia na 1841, chọrọ ịkụziri nkà ihe ọmụma. Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ ọ kara aka na-emezu: oche na nke ọ chọrọ ime, e weghachiri eweghachi. Ivan Sergeyevich e debara aha Ozi nke esịtidem Affairs nke ọrụ na June 1843. N'oge ahụ, m na-amụ ajụjụ banyere ntọhapụ nke ndị nkịtị, otú Turgenev were ọrụ ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. Otú ọ dị, Ivan Sergeyevich nkenke jere ozi na-eje ozi: n'uru nke ọrụ ya, ọ ngwa ngwa bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ. Ọ na-a ibu arọ mkpa iji mezuo ihe niile ntuziaka nke ọchịchị. Na April 1845, Ivan Sergeyevich lara ezumike nká na bụ agaghịkwa ịbụ na ọrụ gọọmenti ebi.

Turgenev bịara mara

Turgenev ke 1840 malitere ịkụ ọrụ nke na-elekọta mmadụ ọdum otu, mgbe jie ejiji nke ọma, dị mma n'anya, na omume nke ihe ndị oké ozu. Ọ chọrọ ịga nke ọma na anya.

Na 1843, na April, e bipụtara uri "Paracha" Turgeneva I. S. The akụkọ ya na - emetụ ịhụnanya ada a, nweekwa ala, onye agbata obi nke ala na ụlọ. The ngwaahịa bụ ụdị ihe na-emegide onwe nkuzi mgbamejije nke "Evgeniya Onegina". Otú ọ dị, na iche Pushkin, Turgenev si uri niile na-agwụ ji obi ụtọ n'alụmdi na nwunye dike. Otú ọ dị, obi ụtọ bụ na-eduhie eduhie, ọ bụ echeghi - ọ bụ dị nnọọ kwa ụbọchị ọma a.

The ọrụ na-ukwuu ekele V. G. Belinsky, ndị kasị akwanyere ùgwù na ndị a maara nke ọma nkatọ nke oge. Turgenev ghọọ ndị maara Druzhinin, Panayev, Nekrasov. Mgbe "ihe Parasha" Ivan S. dere ndị na-esonụ uri: na 1844 - "Ihe" na 1845-m - "Andrew" na "onye nwe ulo". Ọzọkwa kere Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich akụkọ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ (na 1844 - "Andrei Kolosov," na 1846 - "atọ Portraits" na "emegbu" na 1847 - "Cockerel"). Ke adianade do, Turgenev dere na 1846 ntochi "Enweghị ego", na 1843 - ejije "ileghara". O ụkpụrụ nke "eke akwụkwọ" nke dere, nke bụ Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov. Dere, na-ezo aka a direction, e sere "unromantic" na-achị: ndị mmadụ ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị, na ndụ, bụ tumadi na-echebara mmetụta nke ọnọdụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na akara aka na-agwa nke onye.

"Notes nke a Hunter"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev na 1847 bipụtara otu edemede "Polecat na Kalinych" kere n'okpuru echiche nke ịchụ nta njem 1846 na ubi na oké ọhịa nke Tula, Kaluga na Oryol anāchi achi. Abụọ odide na ya - Polecat na Kalinych - ọkọnọ bụghị dị nnọọ ka Russian nkịtị. Onye a na ya onwe ya n'ime ụwa siri ike. Na peeji nke ọrụ a, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ edemede site Ivan Sergeyevich bipụtara akwụkwọ "Notes nke a Hunter" na 1852, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere onwe ha olu, dị iche iche site n'ụzọ nke narrator. Na-ede na-ịmepụtagharịa ndụ na omenala nke nwe ulo na oru ugbo Russia. Akwụkwọ ya e gosiri dị ka a mkpesa megide serfdom. The Company enweela ya ịnụ ọkụ n'obi.

Mmekọrịta Polinoy Viardo, nne ọnwụ

Na St. Petersburg na October 1843 o rutere tour eto eto opera na-agụ egwú si France Polina Viardo. Ọ na-e zutere na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. Ivan Turgenev masịkwara ya talent. Ọ na-captivated site nwaanyị a n'ihi na ike nke ndụ ya. Ivan Sergeyevich soro na France maka ya na ezinụlọ ya (Viardot bụ di na nwunye), Bilie Pauline na a njem nke Europe. Ndụ ya ugbu a na-ekewa n'etiti France na Russia. N'anya Ivan Turgenev gafere ule nke oge - Ivan Sergeyevich afọ abụọ na-eche na mbụ nsusu. Ọ bụ naanị na June 1849 Pauline ghọrọ ya n'anya.

Turgenev nne ike megide a na-ekwu. Ọ jụrụ inye ya ego natara site ego si ala. Ná mma ha ọnwụ: Nne Turgenev si ike na-anwụ anwụ, gasping ume. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1850, na November 16 na Moscow. Ivan na-akaha asian nke ọrịa ya na enweghị oge na-ekwu goodbye ya.

Njide na n'agha

Na 1852, nwụrụ N. V. Gogol. I. S. Turgenev dere banyere ozu maka oge. Ọ bụghị ihe jọgburu onwe ya echiche. Otú ọ dị, ebipụta ka ọ na-eche banyere duel nke dugara Pushkin ọnwụ, nakwa dị ka na-echetara gị nke ọnwụ nke Lermontov. April 16 n'otu afọ, Ivan Sergeyevich a ọnwa e tinyere n'okpuru njide. Mgbe e zigara ya Spassky Lutovinovo-adịghị ekwe ka na-ahapụ n'ógbè Orel. Banyere mkpesa nke ije biri na 1.5 afọ, ọ na-ekwe ka na-ahapụ Onye Nzọpụta, ma naanị na 1856 nyere ikike ịga mba ọzọ.

ọhụrụ ọrụ

Na afọ nke ije biri n'ala dere ọhụrụ ọrụ Ivan Turgenev. Ya akwụkwọ na-inweta ke ewu ewu. Na 1852, Ivan Sergeyevich kere nchụàjà "The Inn". N'otu afọ, Ivan Turgenev dere sị "Mumu", otu n'ime ndị kasị ama nke ọrụ ya. N'etiti na njedebe nke 1840 ka ufọt ufọt 1850, o kere ndị ọzọ akụkọ: ke 1850 - "The Abamuru nke a n'ekpere Man" na 1853-m - "Abụọ enyi", na 1854-m - "Akwụkwọ ozi" na "ruo" , na 1856-m - "Yakova Pasynkova". Ndị dike ha na - na ghọgbuo na elu idealists onye ida ha mgbalị ime ka uru ọha ma ọ bụ na-enwe obi ụtọ na ya onwe ya ndụ. Nnyocha ọ kpọrọ ha "n'ekpere madu". N'ihi ya, Onye Okike nke a ọhụrụ ụdị dike nyere Ivan Turgenev. Ya akwụkwọ ndị na-akpali ya ọhụrụ na mkpa okwu.

"Rudin"

Fame enwetara site na ufọt ufọt 1850s, Ivanom Sergeevichem, ike nchụàjà "Rudin". The-ede akwụkwọ dere ya na 1855 maka izu asaa. Turgenev ke akpa akwụkwọ, nwara recreate ụdị ideologue na thinker nke mmadụ n'oge a. The protagonist - na "n'ekpere nwoke", nke gosiri na adịghị ike, na mkpesa n'otu oge. Writer, eke ya, nyere ya agwa àgwà nke Bakunin.

"Noble akwu" na ọhụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ

Na 1858 wee nke abụọ Roman Turgeneva - "Noble akwu". Ya isiokwu - akụkọ nke otu agadi magburu ezinụlọ; ịhụnanya nke a nobleman, site n'ọchichọ nke ọnọdụ olileanya na-adịghị. Poetry nke ịhụnanya, juputara n'amara na subtlety, nwayọọ onyinyo nke odide mmetụta uche, n'ụzọ ime mmụọ agwa - a bụ iche atụmatụ nke Turgenev ụdị, ikekwe n'ụzọ kasị doo anya kwupụtara na "The Noble akwu". Ha na-peculiar ya ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, dị ka "nwetaghachi" 1856 "Njem ka Polesie" (afọ nke e kere eke - 1853-1857), "Asya" na "First Ịhụnanya" (ma ọrụ e dere na 1860). "Noble akwu" e obiọma kelee. Ọ na-aja ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ, karịsịa Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ Roman Turgeneva chere nnọọ a dị iche iche akara aka.

"Na eve"

Na 1860, o bipụtara nchụàjà "Na eve nke" Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Brief ọdịnaya nke ya na-esonụ. The center na-arụ ọrụ - Elena Stakhov. Nke a agwa - a obi ike, ike, kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi n'anya girl. Ọ dara na ịhụnanya na a revolutionary Insarov a Bulgarian, onye tinyere ndụ ya ntọhapụ nke ndị motherland si ike nke Turks. Akụkọ nke mmekọrịta ha na-abịa na njedebe, ọ dị na mbụ na Ivan Sergeyevich, n'ụzọ dị mwute. Revolutinary nwụrụ, ghọrọ ya nwunye Elena kpebie ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke ya mbubreyo di. Nke a bụ ibé nke ọhụrụ akwụkwọ, nke kere Ivan Turgenev. Kọwara ná mkpirikpi ya, N'ezie, anyị kọwara naanị n'ozuzu okwu.

Emegiderịta ntule a na-akpọ nke a akwụkwọ. Dob ka ihe atụ, na-akụzi ihe ụda na ya n'isiokwu, ama megide na-ede akwụkwọ, ebe ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ. Ivan Sergeyevich were ezigbo iwe. Buu kwuo uche media bipụtara ihe odide na scandalous na catty allusions ka nkọwa nke ndụ onwe onye nke Turgenev. Writer gbubiri mmekọahụ na "Contemporary", nke ruo ọtụtụ afọ, e bipụtara. Na-eto eto na-agaghịkwa hụrụ na Ivane Sergeeviche arụsị.

"Fathers na Sons"

Na oge site na 1860 ka 1861, o dere, Ivan Turgenev "Fathers na Sons", a ọhụrụ akwụkwọ ya. Ọ na-e bipụtara na "Russian Gazette" na 1862. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-akatọ enweghị ekele maka.

"Enough"

Na 1862-1864 gg. kere akụkọ-miniature "Pretty" (bipụtara na 1864). Ọ na-imbued na ebumnobi nke ndakpọ olileanya na ndụ ụkpụrụ, gụnyere nkà na ịhụnanya, otú hụrụ n'anya Turgenev. Na ihu nke inexorable gbuo ndị niile na-ìsì na-enweghị isi.

"Anwụrụ ọkụ"

E dere 1865-1867 gg. nchụàjà "Anwụrụ ọkụ" na-imbued na a gbara ọchịchịrị na ọnọdụ. The ọrụ e bipụtara na 1867. Na ya na-ede akwụkwọ gbalịrị recreate picture nke oge a Russian otu, na-achị ya ideological mmetụta.

"Virgin Ala"

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ nke Turgenev gosipụtara n'etiti afọ ndị 1870. N'afọ 1877, e bipụtara ya. Turgenev n'ime ya kpalitera ndị Narodnik, bụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe, ndị na-agbalị ịkọwara ndị nkịtị ahụ echiche ha. Omume ha, ọ na-enyocha dị ka onyinye. Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ ụda nke mbibi.

Afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ nke IS Turgenev

Turgenev si n'agbata afọ 1860 ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ebi na mba ọzọ, naanị njem na ala ya. Ọ wuru onwe ya ụlọ na Baden-Baden, nke dị nso n'ụlọ ndị Viardot. N'afọ 1870, mgbe Franco-Prussian War, Polina na Ivan Sergeevich hapụrụ obodo ma biri na France.

N'afọ 1882, Turgenev dara ọrịa kansa nke azụ azụ. Ọnwa ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya siri ike, ọnwụ dịkwa oké njọ. Ndụ nke Ivan Turgenev kwụsịrị na August 22, 1883. E liri ya na St. Petersburg na Volkov na-eli ozu, nso ili nke Belinsky.

Ivan Turgenev, akụkọ, akwụkwọ edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a na-agụnye na usoro ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ma mara ọtụtụ, bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede Russian kasị ukwuu na narị afọ nke 19.