Kasimov Khanate: akụkọ ihe mere eme, ókèala, ọchịchị

Nke a mmụta ọha na eze, nke bilitere na narị afọ nke 15 na dịgidere ruo ihe karịrị narị afọ abụọ ochie, bụ ka isiokwu nke barịta, ndị sonyere nke nke bụ ikikere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Kasimov Khanate - a pụrụ nnọọ iche onu nke gara aga. Mgbe ọ na-bilie? Gịnị ọnọdụ bụ? Olee ihe bụ ọrụ e kenyere ya na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme? Gịnị mere alaeze "Genghisides" osụhọ? Lee ndị isi mbipụta na-controversial ndị ọkà mmụta ndị nke gara aga. The enweghị kpọmkwem isi mmalite ndị na paucity nke na-egosi na-ese akụkọ ihe mere eme hoputa naanị ntule dị ka ihe nke a ole na ole narị afọ gara aga Kasimov Khanate. Taa, a na onu na-amụ ya ruo mgbe. Ka anyị gbalịa ichikota isi mmụta chepụtara ma nyochaa, ihe nwere ike ịbụ akụkọ nke Kasimov Khanate.

nucleation center

The n'elu Ọdịdị na-esochi ya bụ àgwà nke ghọọ mba kwụụrụ pụta, dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ebe ndị ebo biri Meshchera. Nnọchianya ya, gwa otu n'ime ndị Finno-Ugric asụsụ, ọkara na-awagharị awagharị ndị mmadụ. Ná mmalite nke na puku afọ abụọ, ókèala nke ebo wakporo Slavic krivichi. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na meschertsy obi ụtọ akpọghị akpọ ọbịa, ma chụpụ ha si n'ókèala ha, ọ bụghị ha.

Na krivichi guzo a elu ogbo nke mmepe, n'ihi ya aka Amaala ndị mmadụ na-eme ka ndụ ha ọzọ mepere anya omenala. Otú ọ dị, ụsụụ ndị agha-idem, dị ka ndị Slav wee dị ogologo na otu ebe. Meschertsy mbụ hụrụ n'ụlọ ndị oshkurennyh ndekọ nke na-ebi ndụ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ ala karịa na dugouts. Mgbe a mgbe, na "natives" wee malite iwu ya onwe ya obi, n'ịgbaso ihe nlereanya Krivichy. Ma ka na-na-na-eri nri agriculture, nakwa dị ka aku ihe ọkpụkpụ, na blacksmithing. Ọ dịghị onye a gbapuru na uche nke ndị nwe. N'ikpeazụ, ezinụlọ abụọ podruzhatsya na mkpatụ ọnụ. Ọbara ha bụ mbuaha, na Amaala laa azụ n'ime ndabere omenala ndị ọgọ mmụọ, asụsụ na omenala. Ha ga-anabata niile "elu" iji nweta ndị Slav na-ebi ndụ site nlereanya ha.

Gorodets Meshchersky

Afọ mgbe e mesịrị meschertsy krivichi na a ga-ike. Obodo ha na-ghọọ a na-elekọta mmadụ-territorial obodo na a mara mma aha Gorodets Meshchersky. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ na e nwere Kasimov Khanate. Territorial mmezi dị nso n'ebe bụ ebe osimiri asọpụta n'ime Oka Babenka.

Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị isi mmalite, ke ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 12, Gorodets Meshchersky gara Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. O wee were elekọta ike n'ókè-ala nke oge ochie Russia, na-eme n'aka na mmezi nke ndị Slav Krivichy na a ga-adaba adaba ọnọdụ, Gorodets Meshchersky nyere iwu ghọọ a ewusiri ike.

Ọ bụ na 1152, na eze ya na-kweere na obodo ahụ tọrọ ntọala na a oge. The mmezi a na-echebe site a osisi nsu, a ekpe mmiri juru na ụrọ ékpè. Ya mere Gorodets Meshchersky ghọrọ isi nlekọta nke Suzdal-Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi. Mmezi nditịm ịnagide ihe aga-eme kenyere ruo na 1376 abiaghi Russia ndị Mongol-Tatars. Na onye-iro n'agha ma mụnye ọkụ Gorodets Meshchersky.

n'obodo ọhụrụ

Otú ọ dị, mgbe a mgbe ndị na-anwụghị nke mbuso agha meschertsam jisiri wughachi obodo, ma na a dị iche iche ebe. Ugbu a mmezi (nke e mechara natara aha ọzọ - New Nizovoy obodo) dị n'etiti abụọ nnukwu ndagwurugwu, nke si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ nke na-agaghị emerili-egbochi onye iro. Si n'ebe ugwu obodo ahụ rimmed impenetrable oké ọhịa, na si n'ebe ndịda - osimiri na a elu ugwu ugwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Iji ike nchebe nke obodo ramparts na-arụnyere na niile n'akụkụ, on top of nke adahade a osisi mgbidi. The usoro nke na-ewu nke a ahịhịa-mgbọrọgwụ nke obodo e rụrụ n'oge ọchịchị Prince Dmitry Donskoy nke Moscow na Prince Vasili. Ma ẹkenịmde Russian ala igba iwu, na-adịghị anya a ọhụrụ mmezi meschertsev na Krivichy, chịrị na Alexander Ukovich Prince, ghọrọ akụkụ nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi. Na New Nizovoy obodo, dị ka iso, rụrụ ókè nke agbachitere ọrụ, n'ihi na obi bụ a dị ike Kazan Khanate, nke n'oge ọchịchị nke Ivan IV ghọrọ akụkụ nke Russia.

Policy Kazan isi

The ike nke Kazan alaeze alternately sitewo n'aka n'aka nke dị iche iche si dị. Otu n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom na-achị achị usoro ndị eze aha ya bụ Mahmutek iji nweta ocheeze weere ndụ nna ya na nne-ya.

Ya obere abụọ ụmụnna (na Qasim Yakub), gbapụ, na-amanye efehe si ya na nwa afọ Khanate. Na mberede, ha hụrụ onwe ha na Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi, nke jụrụ Prince Basil II nchebe na mgbapu. Otú ọ dị, Russian onye na-achị n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na-achọghị gaa na-emeghe see na ndị na-achị Kazan. N'oge okpomọkụ 1445 Vasiliy Temny furu agha nso Suzdal ụmụ Khan Ulu-Muhammed. Na Prince of Moscow, ya na nwa nwanne nne ya pụtara mgbe n'agha. Ma mgbe ọnwa ole na ole nke Vasily II e wepụtara maka nnukwu ransoms. Russian onye na-achị a manyere ya ikwubi na Ulu-Mohammed nkwekọrịta on onerous okwu. Prince ji gbaa ibé iji otutu nke Tatars, si a magburu onwe ezinụlọ, na iji chọpụta Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi "maka nri." Kwesịrị ịdị, ndị Russia bụ iwe na ndị mba ọzọ ga-ebu. Ma mgbe ụmụ ndị ikom nke Kazan Khan bịara ịjụ Basil Dark patronage, obi dị ya ụtọ nke a uzo nke ihe. Ụmụ Ulu-Muhammed n'ezie ozi mgbe nile. Prince Kasim nyeere aka na-agha megide Dmitry Shemyaka, o nwekwara n'akụkụ Russian agha mkpọsa megide khans nke Golden Horde. N'ihi bu dìnkpà, obi ike na-asọpụrụ Basil II nyere Qasim nketa, nke bụ ebe a Gorodets Meshchersky. Ya mere na ókè-ala nke Muscovy kpụrụ Kasimov Khanate (oge nke si malite - 1452), na-arụ ọrụ nke bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eto umu Khan Ulu-Muhammed.

Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-eche na Tartars pụtara na Mescherskaya n'ala n'ihu ya e nyere ndị management nke Kashima. Nke a, akpan akpan, na-ekwu banyere ndị nnọchiteanya nke onyeisi ezinụlọ Shira. Dị ka akụkọ mgbe ochie, ha hapụrụ ala nke a ebelatawo Golden Horde, ma kwaga a ọhụrụ ebe obibi, nke na-territorially dị nso n'ikperé mmiri nke osimiri Oka na CNA. Na otu n'ime ndị isi nke Shira kpebiri dozie ke Mescherskaya ụwa na ọbụna Kraịst, natara a aha ọhụrụ - Michael. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta kweere na ọ bụ nna nna nke ndi-isi Meshchersky. Ma ma ọ bụ n'ezie na-amaghị ama.

Qasim alaeze

Ọbụna n'oge ọchịchị Kashima e nyere ya na ọtụtụ Gorodets Meshchersky e renamed. Ọ nwetara aha nke obodo nke Kasimov na Kashima City. Mgbe nwa Khan Ulu Muhammad nwụrụ, bụ isi obodo nke mbụ mmezi na Meshcherov Krivichy a na-akpọ Kasimov. Ma mgbe a afọ ole na ole nke mmezi "gbanwee" site akụkọ ihe mere eme na Kasimov khanate (ala eze). Ozugbo kpụrụ, ọchịchị a unit, nke dabeere na oge ochie rus, ọ malitere ịpụta ebube ụlọ nke Muslim ije.

omenala

Ọ ga-ọ pụta ìhè na ọ bụghị naanị na pụrụ iche akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Kasimov Khanate, ma ya omenala.

Na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 15, architects wuru a n'ezie masterpiece nke ije - nkume ụlọ alakụba na a minaret, nke e chekwara, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na mbụ version, ruo ugbu a. Na taa, ị nwere ike ịrị minaret na-ahụ ọmarịcha ọdịdị nke Ryazan region si a nnụnụ ụgbọ elu. Dome bụ a oke Ọdịdị na-emeghe mbara ihu na nkume gburugburu steepụ. Na mbara ihu na e nwere a ama egwuregwu, rịa na nke Mullah akpọ on ụmụ amaala na-ekpe ekpere. Otú ọ dị, ebe na mbara ihu nke ulo-elu na-eje ozi dị ka a ebe-isi usu nyochara agha. Ọ bụghị nnọọ site na ụlọ alakụba bụ mausoleum nke Khan Shah Ali (Tekie), wuru nke nkume ọcha.

Ezuola ịrịba ama ajụjụ bụ ma minted na ihe-nketa nke ndị na-eto nwa Ulu-Mohammed metal ego. Gịnị nwere ike ịbụ ihe mere eme ọkachamara na-ekwu. Dịkarịa ala ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 16. Otú ọ dị numismatists obi abụọ na mkpụrụ ego Kasimov Khanate ikodu ke edumbet. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru onye ahịa N. Shishkin ya ọrụ odide, o dere na ya bụ kechioma jide n'aka gị metal ego ufọt ufọt 16 na narị afọ. The na mkpụrụ ego ahịa hụrụ Arabic e dere, nke sụgharịta ka: "Shah Ali / eze Kasimov, afọ 1553". Ma numismatists n'aka Shishkin nwetara a adịgboroja, n'ihi na ndị dị otú ahụ a ụdị na Tatar mkpụrụ ego bụ adịghị anakwere. Real Money kwuru na onye na-achị aha, ebe na afọ nke weputara.

N'ezie, e guzobere Kasimov Khanate - a multi-nzọụkwụ usoro nke nwere mmasị eminent akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị dere. Ka ihe atụ, ihe mere eme nke Russian ala-nketa-amụ zuru ezu na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19 ọkà mmụta sayensị B. Velyaminov - ọka. The N'ihi nke ya nnyocha bụ anọ na-olu "Study on Kasimov eze na ndi-isi." Writer Vladimir Soloviev na otu narị afọ nke 19, e bipụtara akwụkwọ, na "Kasimov alụ ọhụrụ." Ọfọn, a afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị ka onye ahịa N. Shishkin, bụ onye biri na ókèala Mescherskaya ala, dere, sị a akwụkwọ nke na nkọwa na nkọwa kọwara otú ọ bụ Kasimov Khanate akụziri.

Ọrụ ke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia

Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma ókèala, nke n'oge ochie, e nwere a mmezi Krivichy na Meshcherov ghọrọ maka Russian usoro States ọtụtụ ọbụna n'oge ọchịchị Yuriya Dolgorukova. A na narị afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọọ a na omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okwu Kasimov Khanate. 1445-1552 afọ ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Ọ niile malitere na Ulu-Mohammed, nke nyeere Basil Dark naputa ocheeze ahụ, furu efu dị ka a n'ihi nke nsogbu. Dmitry Shemyaka a kwaturu. Na na ekele maka enyemaka onye-isi nke Moscow enye Meshcherskaya n'ala onwunwe-Qasim.

Na o jere ozi Vasily Dark ikwesị ntụkwasị obi na-ekere òkè na agha agha na n'akụkụ nke Russian ala. Ya mere, Kasimov Khanate, onye na-achị achị nọ na iwu nke ọdụdụ nwa ya Ulu-Mohammed mgbe ya na ọnwụ, bụ a wusiri ike n'ezie oge ochie Russia.

Shahghali

Karịsịa na nke a, ọ ga-kwuru na kpọkwara Khan Shah Ali. Ọbụna dị ka a nwata ọ eburịta ihe mgbagwoju anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị egwuregwu, ebe Kazan alternately ewe n'akụkụ Grand Duchy nke Moscow, na Crimea Khanate. Shahghali ugboro ugboro ghọrọ onye na-achị alaeze Kazan, ma onye ọ bụla oge a kwaturu (ke idaha kiet, na ụzọ nke Ivan IV). N'ikpeazụ, ọ ga-Kasimov Khanate (isi obodo - n'obodo Qasim).

Na 1552-m-Ali Shah tinyere ndị agha ya o nyeere Ivanu Groznomu merie Kazan.

Ịtụnanya mmekọrịta nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na-achị Qasim Khanate na Suimbeki mma bụ onye nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ nke nwụrụ anwụ Khan nke Kazan. The girl mere na-amasị ndị obere na gbasiri Shahghali, ma Ivan IV bu n'obi ịlụ a di na nwunye na ihe ọ bụla na-eri, na-aghọta ha nrọ. Ma obi ụtọ nke na alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ Suimbeki ma ọ bụ Shah-Ali mîdaha. Mara mma nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ bi ná ndụ ya niile, dị ka nnụnụ na a onu, ibonke Kasimov Obí na Khan mgbe echegbuwe eziokwu na nwunye ya na kpọrọ.

Feats nke ogwe aka Kasimov Khan mmasị n'ebe ọtụtụ Russian mmadụ. Shahghali nyeere ebelata nsogbu ke Kazan na 1554, na mgbe ahụ abuana ke agha nso Vyborg na Swedes, na mgbe gara agha megide Livonia. Na na 1562, ọ lụrụ ọgụ na Russian n'akụkụ megide Polish King Sigismund, na a agha na ime Shah weghaara Polotsk. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, eze nyere n'iwu gaa Khan Lithuania. Na mkpọsa a na Shah-Ali soro onyenwe Ivan Wolski.

Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, ma Tatar warlord nyeere budata mụbaa ókè nke Russian ala. A oké ma ọ bụ Kasimov Khanate? The nwere nke ebe nketa nwere, na mgbakwunye na nke isi obodo, ọtụtụ fiefs si iwu obodo kwụụrụ, nke na-agụnye: Temnikov, ENKA, Shack, Kadom.

Na okwu nke agbụrụ, "alaeze" na-anọchi anya ya atọ dị iche iche: Mordovians, Kasimovskoye Tatars na Tatars-Mishars. Ya mere na-ekwu ethnographers, akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye ogologo amụ onu akpọ Kasimov Khanate. The asụsụ ha na-asụ bi n'ime ya? On otu n'ime Tartar olumba na ọcha Mishar adverbs.

Ali Shah akpa ke 1567, na onye na-achị ahụ e wee lie ya mausoleum nke Kasimov.

Ọtụtụ narị afọ ka e mesịrị, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere V. Velyaminov - Zernov dere na, na mgbakwunye na Khan, ozu ndị Tekie nwunye ya Bulak-Shal na Suimbek na ọtụtụ ndị ikwu.

The nọchiri na Shah-Ali

Ònye mgbe nwetara n'ime onwunwe nke Kasimov Khanate? Historical nkowa na-egosi na nke a eke e ọdịda a anya ikwu nke Shah-Ali, na n'otu oge ahụ na nwa nwa nwa nke Akhmat Khan nke Golden Horde. Ọ na-akpọ Sain-Bulat. Management Mescherskaya n'ala o nyefere onwe ya Ivan Grozny. Na ọhụrụ nwe Kasimov Khanate malitere inyere ndị Russian Tsar merie ọhụrụ ókèala.

Na 1573, Khan mee ya baptizim na Orthodox Church, were aha Simeon. Mgbe na Ivan IV nara Sain-Bulat Meshchersky onu, ma hapụrụ ya na aha. Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara, ndị tara na-atụghị anya kwuru, Simeon Bekbulatovich "Tsar na Grand Prince of All Russia." Kwesịrị ịdị, ihe niile a mesịrị bụrụ ihe ndị nkịtị props: Ivan IV maka ihe ọ bụla ga-adịghị enye n'ocheeze. A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị tara efunahụ Khan nke oké aha, ma kama ya nye ihe-onwunwe nke ihe-nketa nke Tver. Ma ihe Kasimov Khanate? N'ịbụ n'ókèala a, si ele ihe anya nke na-anọchite anya nke Tatar oké ozu, obodo kwụụrụ, ebe narị afọ nke 16 jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mbelata. All n'ihi na eziokwu na ọrụ ahụ nke Muslim nọ n'okpuru nke Russia e rụrụ na-ama atọ ebe, na Ivan Vi na-agaghịkwa hụrụ na alaeze, dabeere ọdụdụ nwa nke Ulu-Mohammed, oké atụmanya.

Alaeze Oge nke oj oo

Mgbe ebekpo ke Russia, nwakwara ijide ndị Ụgha Dmitry II, na Mescherskaya n'ala achị Khan Kazakh usoro ndị eze Uraz-Mohammed. Nke a nyere ya a fiefdom na 1600. Boris Godunov onwe ya. Mgbe na Russia nastupiliSmutnye ugboro, Khan kwetara na "Tushino ohi 'nke onye na-achị. Uraz-Mohammed kwagara Tushino. N'ihi na nke a na-eme ka eze Vasiliy Shuysky nọchibido obodo Kasimov Khanate. The nduhie ama efehe, na ekemende pụtara na Kaluga. N'oge na-adịghị Kazakh Khan nwekwara doo ókè nke ihe nketa ha, ma ọ bụ ụzọ na ìgwè nke Polish eze, o wee Kaluga, na-anọ n'obí Sigismund III. Nwa onye na-achị Kasimov alaeze n'oge ahụ na-na Kaluga. Na mgbe a mgbe ụmụ Uraz-Mohammed kwuru Ụgha Dmitry II, nke Khan chọrọ ịrara ya nye. N'ihi ya, Tushino ohi araba Uraz-Mohammed achụ nta, na ahụ gburu ya. Ma n'oge na-adịghị na otu eke adakwasị ndị nduhie, onye ga-anwụ n'aka ndị na Nogai Prince Peter Urusova.

Meschera na narị afọ nke 17

Ke akpa ọkara narị afọ nke 17 were ebekpo ke Kasimov Araslan Aleevich, bụ onye mbụ na-eje ozi na nke abụọ agha warlord ma nye iwu Tartar agha na Vologda River. N'oge ọchịchị ya, Moscow na-esiwanye etinye ndị esịtidem omume nke Khanate. Russian gọvanọ eze anya malitere dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị nnọchiteanya nke Tatar ama. Mma tupu tandem (Kasimov Khanate na Russia) n'oge ọchịchị Mikhail Romanov aghọwo gharazie ịba uru ọ fọrọ nke nta otu narị percent.

Ma, ọ ga mesiri ya ike na ruo mgbe 20s narị afọ nke 17 na Tatars wee na-na-ekere òkè ifịk ifịk na n'akụkụ nke Muscovite Ọkaakaa na agha mkpọsa megide Lithuanians, osisi, na "Russian Likhodeev". Mgbe ahụ, ha na-eche nche n'ókè-ala Russia si iyi egwu nke agha Crimea Tatars. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Meshchersky Araslana ala Aleevicha gara ya ụlọ ọrụ na-eto eto nwa Seyid-Burhan. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị nke nnọchiteanya nke Siberia usoro ndị eze bụ ntakiri. Kasimov Khanate, onye na aku na uba bụ eziokwu mesịrị bụrụ na aka nke Moscow State ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi na isi mmalite juputa Russian àkù. Ma a obere onye na-achị, e kwere ka na-ekwurịta okwu na ndị mba ọzọ ndị ahịa na ndị nnọchiteanya na. Dị ka onye okenye, Seid-Burhan nakweere Chọọchị Ọtọdọks na-aghọ Basil Araslanovichem. Kasimov, ọ nọgidere gọvanọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-adabere na dị nnọọ nta. Seid-Burhan akpa ke 1679.

anyanwụ dara alaeze

The ikpeazụ onye na-achị nke ala ghọrọ Meshcherskys Fatima Sultan (nwunye Khan Araslana Aleevicha). N'ịbụ a n'etiti-agadi, ọ bụ na ocheeze naanị 2 afọ, na ya na-achị na-bụ iwu. Ya ndika napụ nke ndụ. Ihe mere maka igbu ọchụ bụ na onye na-achị chọrọ iji tọghata ndị Ọtọdọks.

Kasimov Khanate, nke ókèala mgbe ọnwụ nke Fatima Sultan mechara n'okpuru akara nke Moscow isi, kwụsịrị ịdị adị na 1681. Mgbe ahụ Meshcherskys ala gara Tsar Peter m, onye kwere ka "poteshniku" - ome ochi Balakirev - akpọ "kasinovskim Khan." Mgbe e mesịrị, Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine m nyere Kasimov na ijikwa otu nke ya confidants.

The osisi Kasimov ugboro ugboro banyere ọkụ, nke na-emetụta isi akụkọ ihe mere eme anya nke obodo. Naanị na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18, ọ ghọrọ nkume ekele mgbalị nke-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ I. Gagina. Modern Kasimov, emi odude ke Ryazan mpaghara, bụ ebe ịta nke ọbịa si ebe niile Russia.