"Liberty, fraternity, Equality!" - mba ụkpụrụ nduzi nke French Republic

The French Republic - bụ otu n'ime ihe mbụ mba na Europe, nke kagburu omenala monarchical ụdị ọchịchị, ma si otú anana mgbanwe dị ukwuu ná ndị na-elekọta mmadụ nsụhọ nke ndị mmadụ na ọtụtụ mba.

Economic ndabere nke French mgbanwe

Site na ọdịdị nke French Republic me a mgbanwe, nke e kere si 1789 na 1794 afọ. Na-akpata mgbanwe nwere ike na-ahuta ka a miri emi na-elekọta mmadụ na aku nsogbu na ka kụrụ France n'oge ahụ. The mba predominated zuru ọchịchị ndị eze, na ọ na-apụghị idozi nsogbu nile, na-echebe naanị ọdịmma nke ndị ùgwù J.Randall nke ọha mmadụ. History nke French ala kemgbe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọchịchị eze, ma site 1789 o doro anya na ihe enweghị ike ịnọgide. Large rutere oké ozu na-achị obodo, e nwere otu nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị, ndị na-akụ na ụba dabere na ukwu. Ka ọ dịgodị malitere mmepe nke ulo oru mmepụta, ndị ọrụ mkpa maka osisi. Liberty, Equality, fraternity French ghọtara dị ka ohere maka onye nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụghị nanị na na obodo ma na-na obodo.

Ke adianade do, ndị nkịtị nọ na-bibiri, mgbe eze na ya entourage bupụrụ coffers maka ha ntụrụndụ. Eziokwu a na-mere oké dissatisfaction n'etiti ndị mmadụ.

The ime mmụọ ndabere nke French mgbanwe

The French mgbanwe na-akwadebe site na ọrụ nile nke Enlightenment nke iri na asatọ na narị afọ. Philosophers dị ka Voltaire na La Rochefoucauld, na-ekwusa ozi ọma pụtara ìhè àgwà nke mmadụ n'obi. Ha kweere na isi pụtara mgbanwe nke otu - nke a bụ nnwere onwe, fraternity, ịha nhata. All ndị mmadụ kwesịrị inwe nha anya ikike, n'agbanyeghị ihe na klas ha na ihe ha na ego ọnọdụ. Prevention nrigbu nke otu akụkụ nke ndị ọzọ, na-ekpochapụ serfdom - a bụ ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi na propelled na French Enlightenment.

The na-akwọ ụgbọala agha nke mgbanwe

The French mgbanwe na-akwadebe site atọ isi agha. Nke mbụ n'ime ha nwere ike na-ewere dị ka French nkịtị, nke bụ nnọọ ike ịkwụ feudal dues, nke abụọ a na-ewere dị ka obodo bi - ọrụ nkà, ndị ọrụ, n'ozuzu, na-arụ ọrụ ndị mmadụ. Nke atọ n'ọrụ nwere ike ga-atụle ka ndị bourgeoisie, onye na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ na-azụkwa ahịa. All nke ha sonyeere French motto "Liberty, fraternity, ịha nhata."

All nke a agha e jikọọ na eziokwu na eze a ga-ewepụ si na ike na-enye ndị mmadụ a n'usoro ochichi nke ụmụ mmadụ na ruuru e kwuru. Ma e nwere ndị dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, bourgeoisie nnọchiteanya kweere na nnwere onwe, ụmụnna, ịha nhata dị mma ruo a mgbe, na mgbe ahụ i nwere ike na-amalite na-elekwasị anya isi obodo na ego na-aka nke otu onye.

N'ezie nke mgbanwe. States General

Korol Lyudovik XVI kpebiri na, n'ihi na ihe siri ike ego na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na mba, mkpa ka ị na-anakọta States General, na tasked minista Necker. May 5, 1789 ha zukọrọ, edu Minister nke Mirabeau. O kweere na French mgbanwe slogans nwere ike itu egwu ọtụtụ ndị, otú ị chọrọ ka ha gaa n'otu nke eze, ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị mmadụ. Ma mgbe ahụ, ya tụgharịa na na eze na-achọghị ime ka ohere na-ebu mgbanwe. Ọzọkwa, ọ gbalịrị achụsakwa ndị States General, nke site na oge chigharịkwuuru National Assembly. French motto "Liberty, Equality, fraternity" bụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka onye ọ bụla.

Ka Minister nke Mirabeau jụrụ igbari nzukọ, ndị mba ọzọ agha banyere Paris, esịnede German na Switzerland mercenaries. Ọ na-e asuan site minista Necker, na nke a bụ kwalite amalite a nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ-ewu ewu nsogbu. "Liberty, fraternity, ịha nhata!" - tie mkpu ndị Paris, bụ onye chọrọ ịkwatu ime ihe nile eze.

Bastille

July 14, 1789 na-atụle ga pụtara ìhè ụbọchị nke akụkọ ntolite nke France. On a ụbọchị, oké ifufe ahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ya bụ, Bastille, wee asatọ Paris na ha abụọ Russian.

Bastille mbụ-atụle ga-a n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ihi na a ma ama, ma mgbe ahụ, na oge nke Louis XVI, mere nke ya a mgbe mkpọrọ. Ya na ya gānagide ọnọdụ nke eji, ebe ndị mkpọrọ nwere ohere na-arụ ọrụ ma na-agụ. Ọwọrọ Bastille efu - na oge nke na-ewere ya nwere nanị asaa mkpọrọ.

Bastille e n'ebe nile-eto dị ka a mmeri nke nnwere onwe na ikpe ziri ezi. Ọtụtụ kweere na nnwere onwe, ụmụnna, ịha nhata, mgbe mbibi nke ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ emesịala-emezu.

mmeri nke Republic

N'oge a, obodo nke Paris a kagbuo, na obodo ghọrọ ọchịchị obodo, nke ẹkenịmde na ebutere naanị na National Assembly. N'okpuru nrụgide nke ìgwè mmadụ nọ na August, òtù ndị ụkọchukwu na ama ajụla ha ùgwù ọnọdụ. August 26 bịara ama Declaration nke Rights of Man na nke Citizen. Liberty, fraternity, ịha nhata ghọrọ ya isi banye n'eluigwe. Ọ ghọtara na free uche nke ọ bụla, ha ikike onwe-mkpebi siri ike. Ọtụtụ ụtụ isi na-wepụ, na ndị ọrụ ugbo ume kpamkpam. Kagburu otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri na manye ugwo nke tax nwenụ.

Korol Lyudovik XVI ghọrọ njigide nke ọhụrụ ọchịchị, na nwanne ya nwoke na ndị ọzọ so French ama kwaga. June 20, 1791 ezinụlọ eze nwaa ịgbapụ ná mba ọzọ n'ihi na a nchịkwa, ma afọ n'ala, ọ kpọghachitere.

Nkwatu nke ọchịchị ndị eze na accession nke Republic

Na August 1792 ntuli aka ada itie ke National Convention, ọnọdụ nsogbu n'obi. September 20 bụ ya nzukọ mbụ, ndị mbụ ahụ iwu kagburu onyeeze.

N'oge na-adịghị Korol Lyudovik na e gburu, na agha na France na mba ndị ọzọ. "Liberty, ịha nhata, fraternity" - counter ndị a odide-amasị ịhụ na ndi bi na obodo ndị ọzọ. On mbụ nke February, France gara agha na Britain. British Minister Pitt Uilyam nke Nta malitere aku mgbochi nke France, na nke a na-emetụta nke ala nke mba. Na France, na ụnwụ na nsogbu megide agha nchikota ndi mmadu di. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere okwu ọ bụla ọzọ Jacobins na Girondins, abụọ ndị ọzọ na Convention. Otu nke na-eduga okpuru Danton kere a Committee of Public Safety, onye ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ụzọ dị irè lebara akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

oru ugbo mgbanwe

Na 1792, ndị Convention nabata a nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ redistribution ala mgbanwe na ihu ọma nke ndị nkịtị. Farmers natara na ndị ọzọ ùgwù. Ha chọpụtara na isi ụkpụrụ nduzi nke French Republic - bụ inyere ndị na-arụ ọrụ ndị obodo na-akọ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ. All feudal ọrụ na-wepụ, ala nke a maara aha emigrants e kewara obere akpa nkata na-ere ere, ka ha nwee ike ịzụta ọbụna a baa nnọọ ọgaranya ọrụ ugbo. Nke a mgbanwe na-ike jikọrọ ya na mgbanwe ndị nkịtị, ha agaghịkwa na nrọ nke mweghachi nke ọchịchị ndị eze.

Land mgbanwe bụ nke kasị eguzogide ọgwụ na French akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ọhụrụ ndutịm nkewa nke France nọgidere a ogologo oge, mgbe Central vetikal nke ike bụ ejighị n'aka.

Ọzọkwa mgbanwe Ọdịdị nke ike na France

Na 1794 mba ahụ nọ na-achị Robespierre na Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre gburu Hébert na ndị ọzọ na okpuru. July 27, Robespierre ọchịchị e liquidated, na e zigara ya ndị guillotine.

Mgbakọ ahụ e tiwara ke 1795, na Cavaliers emigrants malitere ịchọ ụzọ ka ha laghachi n'ala nna ha. Liberty, Equality, fraternity French ghọtara ha dị ka ohere iji nwetaghachi akụkụ nke mbụ ya ike.

October 28, 1795 ẹkedidu ọhụrụ French Republic. Isi-ya guzo Directory. N'oge ahụ, France busoro agha mmeri na Europe, na nduzi na-agbalị ịchọta ụzọ ịnọgide na-agha.

Ná ngwụsị nke 1795 Barras eserese mmasị maka suppression nke nsogbu na Paris, na-eto eto na General Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte kweere na "Liberty, Equality, fraternity" - bụ slogan nke French ọha, ka ọnụ. Nwanne ya - Lyusen Bonapart - bụ a nkọ na anya-ahụ ụzọ nke ọma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ onye nyeere Napoleon ẹkemụm ike.

October 16, Napoleon agha rutere Paris, na e weere ya na ndị nnọchianya nke French mgbanwe. Ya mere, ọ na-kelee na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. N'oge ọchịchị nke Bonaparte directory kere gburugburu a usoro nke French satellite na-ekwu, nke na-akwado ndị eze na ya ọchịchị. The mba bịara ọzọ ma duru ya a ọhụrụ siri ike onye ndú - Napoleon Bonaparte.

The ihe French mgbanwe bụ na ọ akpatre kwaturu na feudal usoro na nyeere ọbubu-eze nke ikeketeorie. Ọ bụ ike ujo nke iri na asatọ na narị afọ, na ya a buu mgbanwe nke na-elekọta mmadụ usoro nke mba e enweta.