Mgbe Gulistan udo e mere?

History nke Caucasus bụ ọgaranya dị ịrịba ama mere na upheavals mere site Arab-Iranian mgbasa, nzube nke nke bụ nchụpụ n'ike ọdịdọ nke n'ókèala nke a sara mpaghara. Akwụsị ya akara aka n'ime Gulistan udo - nkwekọrịta kwubiri n'etiti Government of Russia na Persia (Iran) na 1813. Ọ butere a ọhụrụ oge ndụ nke Kọkeshịan iche iche, na ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-anapụta ha n'aka ndị encroachments nke ike ike agbata obi.

Russian ebe e wusiri ike na Terek

Iji n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-aghọta mkpa na ụwa nwere Gulistan (1813), a ga-mere ka Chọpụta ihe ndị mere na okirikiri nke Iranian na Turkish incursions n'ime ókèala ndị Caucasus. Mmalite nke ya e tinyere azụ ke XVI na narị afọ, mgbe Russia, mgbe acceding ka Astrakhan na Kazan Khanate, dechara usoro nke guzobere a centralized ala.

N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nke oge, na 1567, Tsar Ivan Grozny hụrụ ohere iru na Terek ọtụtụ ewusiri ike, Ogwe ụzọ Turkish na Persian mwakpo. Ọ bụ mmalite nke usoro nke oruru nke mmekọrịta enyi na enyi n'etiti Russia na ndị Caucasus, otu nke njikọ nke e aka site abụọ na ọkara narị afọ gasịrị, Gulistan ụwa.

Ka ọ dịgodị, na-ewu nke ebe e wusiri ike na Terek River mere erughị ala na bilitere na mmekọahụ n'etiti Russia, Iran na karịsịa Turkey, nke na-eme atụmatụ na-agbasa ya mgbasa dum ókèala ndị North Caucasus. Russia, n'aka nke ya, bụ mmasị iji ike ya ọnọdụ a putara ighe mkpa mpaghara, na ugboro ugboro gosipụtara iwe nke Ottoman agha.

Recourse ugwu agbata obi

Na-abịa mgbe ndị XVIII narị afọ, ndị erughị ala ọbụna ihe ike, na-aghọ a N'ihi ya nke siri ike asọmpi n'etiti Iran na Turkey, na-agbalị niile na-esi merie n'elu obodo khans ma si otú na-ebute ụzọ.

N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú, ndị bi na nke na Caucasus, na karịsịa Dagestani nwere nnọọ ike, na ha kwuru ugboro ugboro n'oge XVIII na XIX na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, rịọrọ Russian ọchịchị na-abịa ka ha nyere ha aka. N'ọdịnihu, nke a bụ ihe na-akpata nke e banyere Gulustan udo.

Ọchịchọ nke Kọkeshịan isi n'okpuru nkpa-n'aka nke Russian Tsars

Dabere na ọchịchọ nke ndị bi na Dagestan onwe ha, nchoputa nke Romanov Dynasty, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, a afọ mgbe ya accession ocheeze were n'okpuru Russian ikike Avar, erpelinskogo, Kazikumukh na kumykskogo khans ọnụ na ndị na-ejere ha n'ókèala.

Mgbe e mesịrị, n'oge na Asaa na narị afọ, a ole na ole khans soro uwe, inye onyinye a n'ihu ike nke Russia ọkwá na Caucasus. All obodo ọchịchị bụ ndị ji aka banyere Moscow n'okpuru nkpa-n'aka eze, were onwe ha ọrụ na-ebu nchedo Russian ahịa, na isonye nke mgbe agha ha compatriots. Isiokwu ndị a chọrọ na-enwetara site na-atụnye ụgwọ, ma, outlawed.

Turkish awakpo n'okpuru guise nke okpukpe agha

Inwe otú ike udo na Caucasus gosiri na ya adịteghị. Ugbua na-esonụ na narị afọ XVIII me Nkwekọ Turkey nditetịm ya edinam. Nke a na oge ihe mere mmụba nke dị ígwè, dị ka ya okwu-achị achị, ichighaazu nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị Kọkeshịan iche iche, na karịsịa ndị bi Dagestan, si Sharia iwu. Ikwusa ọ dị nsọ jihad agha, Turks ulo oru na-emeghe-awakpo.

N'ezie, na mmalite nke nọ n'ọrụ hostilities kpaliri Turkey hụrụ oge nke idem emem nke Iran (Persia), nke ghọọ a n'ihi na ruo ogologo oge aku nsogbu n'ebe ahụ. N'ihi na ọ bụ ihe ndị ọchịchị na-ewere Istanbul dị ka isi osompi, oge o yiri kasị mma na Sultan maka a buu ngwọta ndị territorial esemokwu.

Territorial esemokwu nke XVIII narị afọ

Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ nke magburu Porte (mere mgbe a na-akpọ Turkey) gbochie niile ahụ Russia, gawa site na oge Peter I. Ebe rụrụ na 1722. The Caspian mkpọsa ma banye a udo nkwekorita na Persia, o sonyeere ndị Russian Alaeze Ukwu Baku, Derbent, Rasht, nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anāchi achi, na-ekwu site na Turkey.

Mgbe ahụ eze ukwu were amaala ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Dagestani ukwu. Ọbụna n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na Ottoman ndị ike imebisi Armenia, Georgia, na a ịrịba òkè nke Azerbaijan, Sultan manyere mara ikike nke Russia na ya nnweta na Caspian mpaghara. Otú ọ dị, ndị mkpọrọ diplomatic nkwekọrịta ike gwụsịa ekpegara agha, adọwa Caucasus ofụri XVIII narị afọ.

The bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke a udo nkwekorita na Turkey

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na na afọ iri mbụ nke XIX na narị afọ dum nke Dagestan na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Georgia ka eze a na n'okpuru ikike nke Russian tsars, na Turks, na Iranians nwere steepụ ha eme ọzọ, na-achọ uru nke ihe isi ike ndị na-ahụmahụ ná oge Russia.

Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ndị nnọchiteanya nke diplomatic agha nke Alexander m na 1812, bụ ike ikwubi na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman a udo nkwekorita agwụcha Russian-Turkish agha, nke were afọ isii. The bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke akwụkwọ a n'oge na-amanye ndị Turks nye elu ifịk ke Caucasus. Ọ bụ na-edozi ihe niile okwu na Persia (Iran), na a bụrụ na anya n'ihu.

The nkwekọrịta, bịanyere aka na Gulistan

N'afọ na-esonụ, nke e kere karịrị otu oge nke afọ itoolu, nke ikpeazụ Russian-Persian agha, nke Peasia, e meriri, na onyeisi ha, onye ga-anọchi ocheeze, sonso wepugara kpọọ. Dokwara deplorable pụta nke agha demoralized ndị bi na nke mba na-achị achị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu.

N'ihi ya, Russian na-ekwuchitere mba ndị ike ọnọdụ mma maka Moscow banye na Gulistan Peace Treaty (1813). Russia na Iran banyere akwụkwọ a na September 12, na obodo nta nke Gulistan Karabakh, nke nyere ya aha ya ma si otú ahụ gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Na ọrụ nke a ogbugbo na mkparita uka e mere site British diplomaati Sir Gore Owsley. Na Russian n'akụkụ Gulistan udo, okwu nke nke e weputara n'ime isiokwu 11, aka a Lieutenant-General N. Rtishchev na na Persian - Abul-Hassan Khan.

Rụpụta a ndibiat e kelee na ọṅụ site ndị niile nke Caucasus. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya, ebe ọ bụ na tupu hostilities idiọk ghara ikwe na ha aku, ebe mgbake na mee ka Gulistan udo nkwekorita. Ichikota ya kachasi mkpa dị ka o kwere omume, na-elekwasị anya bụ isi ndokwa ẹdude ke enye.

Gịnị mere ka ha so ya ọzọ nkwekọrịta na Persia

Mbụ niile, ọ kpọ ndi-cessation nke inyerịta hostilities na oruru nke udo Russia na Persia. Ọzọkwa, akwụkwọ n'ụzọ doro anya na ókè-ala kewara abụọ gara aga agha ọzọ, na e depụtara na la na ókèala ndị Russian Alaeze Ukwu, nke gụnyere Abkhazia, Imereti, Kakheti, Dagestan, Guria, Samegrelo, Kartli, nakwa dị ka a dị ịrịba ama nke oge a na Azerbaijan. N'aka nke ya, Russia site na ịbanye Gulistan ụwa kwara onwe ya na-enye sara mbara aka Persia.

Ke adianade do, na nkwekọrịta na-enye nri nke onye ọ bụla ọzọ na ise n'elu kpam kpam gafee Caspian Sea na mgbanwe nke mkpọrọ weghaara n'oge ikpeazụ agha. Na ubi nke n'ihu diplomatic n'etiti Russia na Persian ghọọ mba kwụụrụ nnọchiteanya na ndị ozi na-doro anya.

E ụkpụrụ iwu na ubi nke ahia

Nke iri na otu isiokwu nke nkwekorita bụ atọ iwu nke ahia n'etiti mba abụọ na-gụnyere na Treaty nke Gulistan. Okwu nke nkwekọrịta-enye maka nnwere onwe nke azụmahịa ahịa na abụọ na abụọ ahụ n'ókèala. Ke adianade do, anyị kpebisiri ike na ego nke anakwa ụgwọ, ma tụlee metụtara vnetamozhennoy ahia.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ụwa nke Gulistan n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma o doro anya na ike iwu norms ekwe ka anyị na-atụ anya a na-awụ ọsọ na-abawanye na ahia ntụgharị n'etiti abụọ na-ekwu, n'ezie, ọ na-abịa a ogologo oge, ihe mere nke di n'usoro iwu igbu oge.

Kpatara nke Russian ọchịchị na omenala Astrakhan na Baku ọzọ na-esote afọ ise na-boro ebubo ego kenyere ogologo oge gara aga abaghịzi ya oge "prohibitive tariffs 1755" na-egosi ugwo nke 23% nke na-eri nke dị ngwongwo.

Mmechi nke nchoputa Gulistan Treaty

Ọnọdụ normalized nanị mgbe ọ e eze eti iwu Gulistan udo nkwekorita na 1815. Ọnọdụ, na nkenke kwuru na aga na ngalaba nke isiokwu a, ike a ndabere iwu kwadoro na nguzobe nke na-adị n'udo, nke n'ikpeazụ dugara mgbanwe ke azụmahịa okirikiri. N'ihi ya, o meriri dum aku na uba.

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị Gulistan udo e mere bụ n'ihi nzube nke normalisation nke mmekọahụ n'etiti Russia na Persia, na o nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta - ma nke oma ma na-ezighị ezi. Na otu aka, ọ napụtara ndị Transcaucasia si Persian mwakpo, nakwa dị ka Turkish mwakpo, nyere n'ikpochapụ ọtụtụ narị afọ nke feudal fragmentation na ịrị elu nke aku na uba, ma si otú ahụ n'obibi ndụ ọhụrụ elu. Ma na aka nke ọzọ, n'ihi na ha rapprochement nke Russia na ndị ọcha mgbe mgbe ka esemokwu dị n'etiti ha na agbụrụ na okpukpe.

A ọhụrụ agha na ọzọ udo nkwekorita

Ke adianade do, ụwa biri dị ka a N'ihi nke ngwụsị nke Gulustan nkwekọrịta bụ na-emebi emebi. Ugbua na 1826, Persia, kwadoro site na United Kingdom, na-emebi nkwekọrịta ruru n'ihu, ulo oru a ọhụrụ Russian-Persian agha nke were afọ abụọ na biri na ọzọ meriri ya.

Mgbe égbè agbachi nkịtị, na-ebute ụzọ gafere si agha na-ekwuchitere mba, e banyere a udo nkwekorita, dubbed Turkmenchay. Dị ka ya na isiokwu, Russia retains niile n'ókèala ceded na ya dị ka a n'ihi nke aka afọ iri na atọ gara aga Gulistan agreement. Ọzọkwa, ọ natara n'okpuru ya ikike Nakhichevan na Erivan khanate, nakwa dị ka ókèala nke Eastern Armenia. Ọ maara na na mmepe nke okwu nke nkwekọrịta aka a ma ama Russian na-ede uri, na-ede na diplomaati Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov.