Mmeghachi omume: ihe atụ na usoro

mgbanwe mmeghachi omume, nnọchi, ogige decomposition na-atụle n'isiokwu na-N'ezie usoro ọmụmụ. Anyị nyochaa e ji mara nke ọ bụla ụdị onyinye atụ interactions.

The definition

Gịnị bụ mmeghachi omume nke compound, nke na-na agụmakwụkwọ njikọ a na-ewere na nzọụkwụ mbụ nke ọzụzụ? Iji malite, anyị mara na okwu ahụ bụ "chemical mmeghachi omume" na onwu a na-ewere nke abụọ kasị mkpa.

Na anyị na ụwa, njikọ mmeghachi omume na-ewe ebe ọ bụla nkeji, nke arụmarụ maara anyị, ma anyị bụ ndị nke ha na-adịghị ọbụna na-eche.

Ka ihe atụ, na njikere nke carbonated-aba n'anya, na combustion nkụ - ahụkarị ihe atụ nke compound Jeremaya mere.

Nke a bụ ihe inweta ngwaahịa na a ụfọdụ qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nke na-amalite kemịkal.

Ịrịba ama nke chemical Jeremaya mere

Ọ bụla usoro, gụnyere chemical mmeghachi omume nke compound esonyere ụfọdụ ịrịba ama:

• emission nke ìhè ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ;
• ịgbanwe na na agba nke ihe;
• nhọrọ nke a gaseous umi;
• ọdịdị peculiar ísì;
• mgbasa ma ọ bụ ọdịda.

Mmeghachi Omume Ọnọdụ

Dabere na àgwà nke qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nke chemical ogige nke mmeghachi omume nwere ike n'ihu na dị iche iche na ọnọdụ.

Iji ma atụ, na mmekọrịta ụdị 2CA + O ₂ = 2CaO (quicklime) retara enweghị kpo oku, sochiri ntọhapụ nke a ọkpụrụkpụ ego nke okpomọkụ.

Olee otú mmeghachi omume akụrụngwa njikọ? Arụmarụ dị otú ahụ Filiks na-agụnye na-ede na-ekpe nke na-amalite ihe, na n'akụkụ aka nri na-emi esịnede mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa.

4Na + O ₂ = 2Na ₂ O

Ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks bụ pụta ụwa na organic bekee. N'ihi ya, qualitative nzaghachi unsaturation (ọnụnọ nke multiple agbụ) bụ na-amalite ihe onwunwe nke ọxịdashọn mmeghachi omume nke potassium permanganate.

The combustion nke osisi

Usoro a na-ewe ebe dị ka akụkụ:

C + O ₂ = CO ₂

Nke a bụ a typical mmeghachi omume nke compound, ihe atụ nke nke ugbua e nyere n'elu. Gịnị bụ ọdịdị zuru oke nke usoro a? Site omume osisi na oxygen na ikuku, guzobe nke carbon dioxide ụmụ irighiri. The usoro na-esonyere guzobe ọhụrụ ụmụ irighiri nke mgbagwoju nkwurịta okwu njikọ bụ ihe exothermic mmeghachi omume.

Nwere ike njikọ dị n'etiti mgbagwoju bekee eme? Ihe Nlereanya nke na mmekọrịta na mfe bekee ndị a kọwara n'elu, ma nke a ụdị ihe e ji mara nke mgbagwoju bekee. A na-ahụkarị n'onwe a na mmekọrịta nwere ike na-ahuta ka slaking mmeghachi omume.

CaO + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Nke a usoro a na-esonyere a ịrịba ego nke kwes ike. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kpọmkwem na atụmatụ nke usoro a, anyị na-arịba ya spontaneity.

nhazi ọkwa

Dị ka ihe ndị mejupụtara nke na-amalite ihe na mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa nke ogige wepụtara mmeghachi omume, decomposition, nnọchi mgbanwe. Tụlee ihe atụ ya nile, na ndị definition nke dị Filiks.

Nnọchi nke - a nnọchi akụkụ atọm mfe umi mgbagwoju compound.

Connection - a usoro nke na ijikọta ọtụtụ mfe ọ bụ mgbagwoju bekee n'ime otu ihe mgbagwoju. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị a Filiks nwere ike ikpata inorganic na organic onwu.

2H ₂ + O 2 = 2H ₂ O

Usoro a emee na ntọhapụ nke a ọkpụrụkpụ ego nke okpomọkụ, otú ahụ gbawara kwe omume.

C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ = C ₂ H ₆

On agafe ethylene site hydrogen, e nwere a-agbawa nke abụọ nkekọ, guzobe nke ịgba (jupụta) hydrocarbon.

Decomposition - bụ ndị chemical Jeremaya mere na-emepụta ihe na bekee na-enwe a dị mfe qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nke a mgbagwoju compound.

Jeremaya mere ion mgbanwe na - a bụ Filiks aa mgbagwoju n'etiti bekee na-ebute mgbanwe nke constituent akụkụ.

E nwere atọ eruba ọnọdụ nke usoro: gas evolushọn, ọdịda, guzobere malodissotsiiruemogo umi.

Nke a mmeghachi omume a na-akpọ esterification, dị ka ndị ikpeazụ mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa bụ Ester. Usoro ọnọdụ na-atụ direction bụ iwebata n'ime mmeghachi omume ngwakọta itinye na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

Nkewa nke ala nke aggregation nke inwe mmekọrịta bekee

All na chemical Filiks -nkewa na ndabere na homogeneous na heterogeneous interoperability. Na mbụ bụrụ na-amalite ihe na mmeghachi omume na ngwaahịa ndị na a steeti aggregation, ma kwere maka heterogeneous umu dị iche iche ọnọdụ.

Ka ihe atụ, homogeneous usoro ga-ndị na-esonụ omume:

H ₂ (g) + cl ₂ (g) = 2HCl (gas)

Ka heterogeneous mmeghachi omume nwere ike tụlee dịruru ná njọ:

CaO (tv) + H ₂ O (g) = Ca (OH) _{2 (aq)}

Site mgbanwe ke ọxịdashọn ala

Mmeghachi omume nke a compound onye usoro e nyere n'elu (mmiri guzobere si mfe bekee) bụ a redox usoro. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro idu ke eziokwu na e nwere nabata na nloghachi nke electrons.

N'etiti ogige nke ndị Jeremaya mere e nwekwara usoro nke na-adịghị esonyere site na a mgbanwe ọxịdashọn ala, i.e. adịghị OVR:

CaO + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Site na ọdịdị nke eruba

Dabere ma usoro nwere ike n'ihu na-atụ direction ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-ewe ebe na-abụghị direction, na onwu dịpụrụ adịpụ irreversible na reversible mmekọrịta.

Ka ihe atụ, qualitative mmeghachi omume na organic ogige bụ irreversible, ebe ọ na-eduga ná guzobe unyi anaghị agbasa ma ọ bụ gaseous umi. Otu ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ a mmeghachi omume bụ na mmekọrịta àgwà nke "silver mirror", nke a qualitative usoro nke na-ekpebi na a ngwakọta nke aldehydes.

Ọzọ ezi ihe nlereanya embodiments nke reversible Jeremaya mere nke nwere ike n'ihu abụọ ibe abụghị ntụziaka, lee esterification mmeghachi omume:

CO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ CO ₃

Na ojiji nke a mkpali

Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe ome osooso (mkpali) ga-eji iji gaa chemical usoro. Otu ihe atụ bụ mmekọrịta nke catalytic decomposition usoro nke hydrogen peroxide.

Atụmatụ parsing OVR

N'etiti mbipụta na-akacha eme ka ihe isi ike na ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ a pụrụ isi chọta nke ọnụọgụ na mmeghachi omume na-eji ihe electronic itule usoro. Iji malite, e nwere ndị ụfọdụ iwu dị ka nke anyị nwere ike ikpebi ogo ọxịdashọn na onye ọcha na onye ọ bụla umi.

N'agbanyeghị ma dị mfe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju umi-emeso, ego-ya gādi zero.

Nzọụkwụ na-esonụ bụ họrọ onye chemical bekee ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ahụ na gbanwere uru nke ogo ọxịdashọn. Ha na-atara iche iche, na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama "plus" ma ọ bụ "mwepu" ọnụ ọgụgụ nke natara ma ọ bụ inye electrons.

N'etiti ndị a na ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ ndị kasị nta ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke mgbe kewara ekewa site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons natara, na nkedo ga-kwadebere integers.

Nọmba ndị a na-stereochemical ọnụọgụ, ndokwa na akụkụ chọrọ usoro. Otu ihe dị mkpa ogbo parsing na redox mmeghachi omume na-ekpebi ihe oxidant na reductant, na ndekọ nke Filiks. Ka ibelata gị n'ụlọnga na-ahọrọ ndị atọm ma ọ bụ ion, nke na N'ezie nke ya na mmekọrịta ụba ogo ọxịdashọn, na oxidant, na iche, mbelata nke e ji mara oke.

Na-atụ aro a ò algọridim, mgbanwe ụfọdụ Organic Chemistry? Mmeghachi omume nke a compound nnọchi decomposition eruba ịgbanwe ọxịdashọn na-ekwu, a na-ewere a yiri algọridim.

E nwere ụfọdụ atụmatụ na ndokwa nke degrees nke ọxịdashọn nke organic ogige ma ha nchikota ga-abụ efu.

Dabere na otú ọ na-agbanwe na ọxịdashọn, mata ọtụtụ ụdị nke chemical Jeremaya mere:

• disproportionation - ruru ka a mgbanwe ọxịdashọn-ekwu, nke otu mmewere na ibu na nta akuku;
• kontrproportsionirovanie - agụnye omume na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga, nke mejupụtara otu mmewere, ma dị iche iche na ọxịdashọn etoju.

ọgwụgwụ

Dị ka a obere ọgwụgwụ, anyị mara na mmekọrịta nke bekee ibe ime ha na-agbanwe, mgbanwe. The chemical mmeghachi omume bụ na ntughari nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa reactants na ngwaahịa na-enwe dị iche iche qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara.

Ọ bụrụ na nuclear mgbanwe hụrụ mgbanwe ke mejupụtara nke atọm nuclei, na ikpe nke chemical Jeremaya mere na ọ bụghị nanị na e nwere a redistribution nke nuclei na electrons, na-eduga ọdịdị ọhụrụ ogige.

The Filiks nwere ike so ntọhapụ nke ìhè, okpomọkụ, omume nke isi, ọdịda, guzobere gaseous bekee.

E nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ maka nhazi ọkwa nke organic na inorganic interactions na dị iche iche ihe mgbakwasị. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị nkịtị maka mgbanwe a nwere ike kwuru ọxịdashọn, aggregation steeti, reversibility nke eruba, na usoro nke usoro, na ojiji nke mkpali (inhibitor).

Chemical Jeremaya mere bụ ihe ndabere ọ bụghị nanị na nke ulo oru mmepụta, ma ntọala nke ndụ. Enweghị metabolic Filiks na-ebe ndụ ntule onye adị ga-agaghị ekwe omume.