Nga Raphaelite osise na utu aha. Nga Raphaelite osise themes

Ebe ọ bụ na 1850s na England, wee malite ịkpa a ọhụrụ ntụziaka uri na eserese. Ọ na-akpọ "Nga Raphaelites." Isiokwu a na-egosi na isi echiche nke nkà obodo, creativity theme, Nga Raphaelite osise na utu aha.

Ole ndị bụ ndị Nga Raphaelites?

Ná mgbalị iji pụọ na-agwụ ike agụmakwụkwọ omenala na ezi uche aesthetics nke Victorian oge, a ìgwè nke artists kere ya direction na art. Ọ penetrated fọrọ nke nta niile na ngalaba nke ndụ, kpụrụ a akpan akpan omume na nkwurịta okwu nke ha creators. Na nkà direction, na ndị nnọchiteanya na-ese bụ otu aha - na Nga Raphaelites. Pictures gosiri ha mmekọrita ya na ndị n'oge Renaissance. N'eziokwu, fraternity aha na-ekwu maka onwe ya. Ese mmasị creators na-arụ ọrụ tupu ịrị elu nke Raphael na Michelangelo. Otu n'ime ha - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Direction mepụtara n'oge nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19.

ntoputa

Ruo mgbe 1850s niile British nkà bụ n'okpuru nku nke Royal Academy nke Arts. Ya president, Sir Joshua Reynolds, nakwa dị ka ọ bụla ọzọ nnọchiteanya nke ukara oru achọghị iburu innovations na nwere ya ume, ụmụ akwụkwọ.

Na njedebe, a warara ziri mere ọtụtụ nka na yiri echiche na art n'ozuzu dịrị n'otu na-òtù ụmụnna. Nke mbụ ya na-anọchite anya ghọrọ Holman Hunt na Dante Rossetti. Ha zutere na ihe ngosi na ulo mmuta na na N'ezie nke mkparịta ụka, ọ ghọtara na echiche ha ndị yiri nnọọ.

Rossetti dere sere "Youth nke Virgin Mary" n'oge a, na Hunt nyeere ya rụchaa ọ dịghị mkpa, ma okwu. Ugbua na 1849, na kwaaji e splashed na show. The na-eto eto kwetara na oge a na English sere na-aga site na kacha mma oge ya akụkọ ihe mere eme. Iji n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ịtụte a art ụdị, ọ dị mkpa na-aga azụ isi doakademicheskim, n'ihi mfe na sensuality.

Isi na-anọchite anya nke

Ná mmalite, ndị Nga Raphaelite Ụmụnna, bụ ndị nwere ume ndụ ọhụrụ n'ime British omenala, gụnyere nke asaa ndị.

1. Holman Hunt. Ọ dịrị ndụ ogologo ndụ, na-anọ ezi echiche ya art ruo ọnwụ ya. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, na-agwa anyị banyere ụmụnna ndị òtù na-akọwa na tupu Raphaelite osise. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị ama osise nke na-ese - "onyinyo ọnwu" (okpukpe sere of Jesus), "Isabella na ite nke Basil" (dabeere na uri Dzhona Kitsa), "Scapegoat" (dere na ndabere nke akụkọ Bible).

2. Dzhon Mille. Ọ a maara dị ka nke ọdụdụ na-amụrụ nke Academy nke Arts, nke e mechara ghọrọ ya president. John mgbe ogologo ọrụ ke ẹbọ nke Nga Raphaelite ụmụnna emebibeghị. Na-eri nri ya na ezinụlọ ya, ọ malitere agba osise na iji na ịga nke ọma. Akakan ọrụ - "Christ na n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya" (okpukpe picture, jupụtara na akara nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ọnwụ na ndụ nke Christ), "Ophelia" (dere na merenụ ndabere nke "Hamlet"), "na-egosipụta" (sere nke mbubreyo oge nke creativity, aghọwo ma ama dị ka mgbasa ozi ncha).

3. Dante Rossetti. The osise na-jupụta na òtù nzuzo nke mara mma na eroticism ndị inyom. Nwunye ya Elizabeth ghọrọ a isi ihe echiche nke na-ese. Ọnwụ ya ghara ikwe na ndị Dante. Ọ na-etinye ya na akpati ozu nke ya odide nke poems, ma mgbe a afọ ole na ole, na-abịa ya, mere exhumation were ha si n'ili. Ọwọrọiso ọrụ: "agọzi Beatrice" (e sere nwunye Dante, nke bụ n'etiti ọnwụ na ndụ), "Proserpina" (Roman chi nwaanyị na a bombu n'aka-ya), "Veronica Veronese" (atụ sere na-egosipụta okike usoro).

4. Maykl Rossetti. Dante nne, ndị na-amụ na Academy. Ma n'ikpeazụ m họọrọ a ụzọ nkatọ na onye dere. Nga Raphaelite osise ndị a ugboro ugboro doro ya aghara aghara. Ọ bụ a biography nke nne-ya. Ọ chepụtara bụ isi echiche nke direction.

5. Tomas Vulner. Ọ bụ a ọkpụ na-ede uri. Na mbụ ya ọrụ ọ na-akwado echiche nke tupu Raphaelites, tụgharịa okike na-gaa na akaụntụ obere nkọwa. Ọ bipụtara poems na magazin nke òtù ụmụnna, ma mgbe ahụ na-eje ije n'ebe ha n'ozuzu echiche na lekwasị oge gboo iche-iche.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist na art nkatọ. Pretty adịghị anya, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na talent nke na-ese na-elekwasị anya na nkatọ. O weere ya ozi iji kọwaa ihe ọha nzube nke òtù ụmụnna na-eto Nga Raphaelite osise. Ọ chekwara ya ụfọdụ ihe osise: "The Marquis na Griselda", "Nne na Child", "The Death of King Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. M bụ onye kwere ekwe, otú a ka ọ na-ese okpukpe na-achị. M hapụrụ obodo mgbe millet sere katọrọ na pịa ma na-akpọ ha bụ nkwulu. N'etiti ndị ya ọrụ - "The Holy Family", "n'okpuru Elizabeth nke Hungary", "Nwaanyị".

Nga Raphaelite osise nke mere ka a ọtụtụ arụmarụ, nwere ọtụtụ dị ka kpọrọ mmadụ. Ha abụghị akụkụ nke òtù ụmụnna, ma na-agbaso ihe ndị bụ isi echiche. Otu n'ime ha - na-ese L. Alma-Tadema, mmebe F. M. Brown, ndị na-ese William Deverell, sijiri M. Morris, illustrator Hughes na ndị ọzọ.

The nnyocha na mbụ ogbo

Ná mmalite, tupu Raphaelite osise e zutere site na-akatọ nnọọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Ha dị ka ndị a ume ọhụrụ ikuku. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ahụ bịara ka njọ mgbe nrubeisi na ìhè nke ọtụtụ okpukpe eserese, dere na ndị na-abụghị nnabata ya na n'ụkpụrụ iwu.

Karịsịa, sere "Christ na n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya" Mille ahịhịa. Na kwaaji egosi ịnapụ ikuku, n'ọba, nso nke na-ata nri ìgwè atụrụ atụrụ. Virgin gburu ikpere n'ala n'ihu obere Jizọs, bụ onye na-afụ ụfụ-aka ya na a ntu. Millet mejuwo foto a akara. A ọbara ọgbụgba aka - a ihe ịrịba ama nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'obe, nnukwu efere ya na mmiri, nke nwere Jọn Baptist - ihe nnọchianya nke Epiphany, a nduru ọdụ na steepụ, a mata na Mmụọ Nsọ, na-atụrụ - na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ aja.

Nkatọ a na-akpọ nke a sere nkwulu. The akwụkwọ akụkọ "The Times" kpọrọ egosipụta nnupụisi art. Ndị ọzọ, na-atụ aka a tụnyere nke Nsọ Family na ndị nkịtị, ji dị ka nke millet si arụ na-asọ oyi.

Rossetti picture "Annunciation" bụkwa n'okpuru agha. Ese steepụ efep Bible na Bible, na Virgin yi na-acha ọcha uwe. Na kwaaji na-egosipụta egwu. Ọ BỤRỤ na Stone nkatọ tụnyere Nga Raphaelite-arụ ọrụ na-abaghị uru nkà mmụta ihe ochie.

Ònye maara ihe gaara akara aka nke fraternity, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ya n'akụkụ mere nkatọ Dzhon Roskin, onye uche mkpa niile.

Mmetụta ikikere onye

Dzhon Roskin bụ art ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere na e dere ihe karịrị otu ọkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ tupu ịmara ndị ọrụ nke Nga Raphaelites. Gịnị bụ ya anya mgbe ọ matara na niile na echiche na echiche ndị dị ya isiokwu, chọtara ebe ha na òtù ụmụnna nke kwaaji.

Ruskin kwalitere penetration n'ime ọdịdị zuru oke nke uwa, ntị zuru ezu, nkwusioru amanye site n'ụkpụrụ iwu na image Mpaghara dị ka ha kwesịrị. All a na-gụnyere ma tupu Raphaelite mmemme.

A nkatọ e dere ọtụtụ isiokwu maka "The Times", nke toro ọrụ nka. Ọ zụtara ha ụfọdụ ihe osise, na-akwado nka, na n'omume, na n'ụzọ ego. Ruskin mmasị ọhụrụ na ihe ọhụrụ style of egosipụta mmanụ eserese. Nga Raphaelites ekemende kere ọtụtụ osise nke ya n'echebe na nchebe.

The ibé

Ná mmalite, ndị na-ese ihe tụgharịa nanị Kraịst na-achị, na-elekwasị anya ahụmahụ nke creators nke n'oge Renaissance. Ha na-achọ igbu a na foto nke ụka n'ụkpụrụ iwu. The isi nzube ya bụ nyefee nkà ihe ọmụma echiche na kwaaji. Ọ bụ ya mere na tupu-Raphaelite osise dị ka zuru ezu na ihe atụ.

"The Youth nke Virgin Mary" Rossetti bụ na-edebe ya na mkpa nke ndị na Victorian oge. Ọ na-egosi a obi umeala girl na-elekọta nne ya. Ọ na-emekarị ẹwụtde agụ Dante a na-etinye n'aka nke Virgin agịga. Ọ kpara na kwaaji a lily - a nnọchianya nke ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha. Atọ okooko osisi na a azuokokoosisi - Nna na Ọkpara na Mọ Nsọ. Palm epupụta na uke na ogwu - na n'ọṅụ nakwa n'iru újú nke Mary. The ndise bụ bụghị efu ihe, na agba na omume - niile iji tụọ nkà ihe ọmụma uche.

A obere ka e mesịrị, ndị Nga Raphaelites ese, bụ ndị dọtara ọha anya wee tụgharịa ka isiokwu nke mmadụ inequality ( "Lady Lilith"), erigbu nwanyi ( "woken obi umeala"), njem ( "The ikpeazụ nke England").

Ọrụ dị mkpa na òtù ụmụnna nke ọrụ na-egwuri osise dabeere na ọrụ nile nke English na-ede uri na ndị dere. Ese mmụọ nsọ site ọrụ nke Shakespeare, Keats, na Italian Dante Alighieri.

nwanyi oyiyi

eserese na gburugburu nke nwanyi odide na Nga Raphaelite nnọọ iche iche. E jikọọ ha naanị na onye - na ha canvasses buru eze nwaanyị mara mma. Ladies ẹwụtde invariably mara mma, dị nwayọọ, na a aka nke ihe omimi. E nwere dị iche iche na-achị: nkọcha, ọnwụ, unrequited ịhụnanya, n'ụzọ ime mmụọ na-adị ọcha.

Ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-akpọlite isiokwu nke iko, ebe a nwaanyị na-gụrụ unseemly ìhè. N'ezie, o nwere a obi ọjọọ ahụhụ n'ihi ya ihe.

Women mgbe n'ọnwụnwa na agụụ mmekọahụ na ihe osise nke Nga Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Ma, e nwere a reverse ibé, ebe onye bụ onye mere ọdịda nwanyi (dị ka na ihe osise nke "Marianne", "woken obi umeala").

The Model

Ukwuu n'ime nke ụdị ya osise na-ese na-ahọrọ ndị enyi na ndị ikwu. Rossetti mgbe degaara nne m na nwanne ( "The Youth nke Virgin Mary"), ma na-etinye aka na ọrụ nke ya ekaufọk Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Mgbe Elizabeth dị ndụ, ya ọ hụrụ n'anya nwunye, nne na oyiyi enwetara ya ihu.

Effie Gray, nwunye millet na bụbu-nwunye nke Ruskin, ike weghaara na film "The iji maka ntọhapụ nke" Ihe Osise nke John na ahịhịa.

Annie Miller, Bride Hunt, jụrụ fọrọ nke nta niile nka nke òtù ụmụnna. Ọ na-ẹwụtde ke osise nke "Elena Troyanskaya", "woken obi umeala", "Nwaanyị na-acha odo odo."

Okirikiri

Okirikiri dere naanị ụfọdụ nke artists nke a. Ha wee si mgbidi ụlọ ọrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí. Nke a nyere aka ese weghara ọ bụla ikpeazụ zuru ezu, ha picture zuru okè.

Ji ọtụtụ awa tupu Raphaelites na ọdịdị, ka ọ ghara uche otu nju. Nke a na-arụ ọrụ chọrọ a Titanic ndidi na ikike na ike. Eleghị anya n'ihi na e ji mara nke usoro ihe omume na-adịghị enwetara odida obodo direction dị otú ahụ proliferation dị ka ndị ọzọ Genres.

Kasị ụkpụrụ nke sere uwa ke eserese Hunt n'ụzọ zuru ezu gosipụtara "English n'ụsọ oké osimiri" na Millais 'mgbụsị akwụkwọ doo ".

disintegration

Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma ihe ngosi nke Nga Raphaelite Ụmụnna malitere ịda iche. Ịzụlite ọnụ ha ịhụnanya nke Middle Ages bụ ezughị. Onye ọ bụla na-achọ ya. Hunt naanị kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi ka ụkpụrụ nke a na-emekarị ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ.

N'aka wee na 1853, mgbe Millais bụ otu nke Royal Academy. Ụmụnna mebiri elu kpamkpam. Ụfọdụ akwagala n'ebe sere ruo ogologo oge (eg, Rossetti wee ide).

N'agbanyeghị n'ezie cessation nke-adị, ndị Nga Raphaelites mere dika direction ruo oge ụfọdụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ nke ide foto na a ole na ole general ụkpụrụ na-ekpu.

mbubreyo Nga Raphaelites

N'ihi nka, na-anọchi anya mgbe e mesịrị na ogbo nke N'ezie, na-agụnye Simeon Solomon (ọrụ were ọdịdị zuru oke nke ije na-edina ụdị onwe aestheticism ebumnobi), Evelyn De Morgan (dere akụkọ ifo themes, dị ka "Ariadne auf Naxos"), illustrator Genri Forda.

E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nka onye imetụta Nga Raphaelite osise. Photos of ụfọdụ n'ime ha mgbe pụtara na British pịa. Ọ Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward, Edmund Leighton na ndị ọzọ.

uru

Prerafaelitizm akpọ fọrọ nke nta mbụ nkà direction of England, nke bụ ma ama n'ụwa nile. Kwa nkatọ ma ọ bụ onye nkịtị nwere ya chere na nri na-amata na creativity nke ese. Obi abụọ adịghị ya na otu ihe - ọ bụ maka ịbanye n'ime akụkụ nile nke ọha mmadụ.

Ugbu a ọtụtụ reinvented. Dere ọhụrụ na nkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ, dị ka "Nga Raphaelites. Life na-arụ ọrụ nke 500 osise." Mmadụ na-abịakwute ọgwụgwụ na ndị nnọchiteanya nke a na-emekarị bụ ụzọ nke Symbolists. Onye kwuru banyere mmetụta nke Nga Raphaelite hippie na ọbụna Dzhona Tolkina.

Canvases gosipụtawo na-eduga ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Britain. N'adịghị ka nkwenkwe, tupu Raphaelite osise na hermitage na-adịghị echekwara. Ngosi nke ihe osise mbụ gosiri na Russia na 2008 na Tretyakov Gallery.