N'okpuru okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia Spain ghọtara onwe nke Holland. Okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia. Afọ 30 agha (1618-1648)

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa ihe nke narị afọ nke 17 - 30-afọ agha 1618-1648. Ọ e gara site fọrọ nke nta niile na mba Europe, ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ nde ọnụ. The bụrụkwa ebe a agha na-etinye a nkwekọrịta na-akpọ "Udo nke Westphalia". Na ya pụta ndidi oké mkpa iji ọdịnihu dum nke European mere eme. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na 15 na 24 October 1648, mgbe ogologo mkparita uka, nke e kere si 1644 na ike igbo ọnọdụ ndị niile sonyere.

Udo Westphalia na 1648

Ọ jikọtara Münster na Osnabrück nkwekọrịta udo dị iche kwubiri afọ a na Westphalia. Na obodo nke Münster ẹkenịmde okwu na-anọchite anya nke okpukpe Katọlik, na na Osnabrück - si Protestant n'akụkụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị Peace nke Westphalia, na-agụnye nkwekọrịta kwubiri January 30 n'otu afọ, Spain na United Provinces nke Netherlands, nke biri Eighty Agha Afọ, dị ka na-alụ n'etiti mba ndị a na-eme nnyocha tụlee akụkụ nke Iri Afọ Atọ.

Gịnị bụ otu contracts?

Osnabrück nkwekọrịta bụ nkwekọrịta kwubiri n'etiti Holy Roman Emperor, Sweden na ya jikọrọ aka.

Munster Alaeze Ukwu Rom bịanyere aka na France na mba na-akwado ya (a na-agụnye ndị Netherlands, Venice, Savoy, Hungary). Abụọ ndị a na-ekwu emeela otú ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike akụkụ na akara aka nke a akụkụ buru ibu nke Europe, n'ihi na nke-atọ, na nke kasị mkpa, oge pụrụ iche nke Iri Afọ Atọ War, ha so kpata echikwapụ nke ndị agha Rom, nke so kpata ha fragmentation n'ọdịnihu. Udo Westphalia na tumadi ẹkedọhọde ndokwa nke chọpụta territorial mgbanwe, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ọdịdị na okpukpe na Holy Alaeze Ukwu Rom.

Results nke afọ 30 agha

The see okwu biri na otu mba? N'okpuru okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia Spain ghọtara onwe nke Netherlands. Ọzọkwa, dị ka akwụkwọ a, ka mba nke na merie ndị Agha Iri Afọ Atọ - France na Sweden, bụ ndị a họpụtara guarantors nke nnabata ya na ụwa. Ndị a dị ike ike ịchịkwa omume nke aka nkwekọrịta, na-enweghị nkwenye ha, ọ ga-agbanwe agbanwe a otu isiokwu. N'ihi ya, ihe nile nke Europe e echebe site ọ bụla zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbanwe pụrụ iduga a iyi egwu na nche nke ọtụtụ mba. Ma ebe ọ bụ, ekele nkwekọrịta, ndị German Emperor bụ-esighị ike, ndị ọzọ oké ike ike na-atụ egwu ya mmetụta. Peace nke Westphalia mee ka ịrịba territorial redrawing, karịsịa na ihu ọma nke na-enwe mmeri ike nke France na Sweden.

Otu n'ime ndị a oké mgbanwe na map bụ eziokwu na n'okpuru okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia Spain ghọtara onwe nke United Provinces. Steeti a, malitere ya agha ntọhapụ megide Catholic Spain dị ka a nnupụisi, natara na 1648 na mba ude.

Na nwetara mba na merie ndị agha?

Dị ka mkpebi weere na bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Peace nke Westphalia, alaeze ukwu nke Sweden ugwo a onyinye bụ 5 nde talers. Ke adianade do, ọ hapụrụ n'àgwàetiti Rügen, Western Pomerania na akụkụ nke East (na Stettin), obodo nke Wismar, na Bishopric nke Verdun na archbishopric nke Bremen (Bremen n'obodo ahụ n'onwe ya na ọ dịghị otu).

Sweden lara ọnụ nke ọtụtụ navigable osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu Germany. Inwe na ya mkpofu German isi, Eze nke Sweden nwere ohere iji zipu nnọchiteanya na Imperial Diet.

France si bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Peace nke Westphalia mere ka o kwe omume inweta nwe nke Habsburgs, emi odude ke Alsace, ma na-enweghị City of Strasbourg, nakwa dị ka ịchị ọtụtụ bishoprics na Lorraine. New nwe mgbe ịbanye nkwekọrịta ma dịkwuo mmetụta nke mba nyeere ya na-eme n'ọdịnihu na-a hegemonic itie ke Europe.

German Duchy nke Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Brunswick-Lüneburg na Brandenburg, nke e-akwado site na-enwe mmeri mba, natakwara uru - ha ike mụbaa ha ojiji dị ka a n'ihi nke n'isonyere secularized bishoprics nakwa ebe obibi. Site Saxony ka a N'ihi nke a nkwekọrịta e weghaara Luzatsiya, ba Bavarian Upper Palatinate. Elector Brandegburgsky natakwara ọtụtụ na ha enwetakwa ala ahụ nke Prussia e guzobere mgbe e mesịrị.

Nke mere ka ụwa na ndị Germany?

Okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia ndị dị otú ahụ na German Emperor tụfuru a ịrịba ego nke mbụ ha ikike. Na nke a, ndị German isi bịara nwere onwe si Rom na-achị, na-enwe ike ịchụso ihe otu nọọrọ onwe ha ala ọzọ na anụ ụlọ iwu. Ihe atụ, ha nwere ike na-ekere òkè na-eme mkpebi banyere akasiaha agha na udo na ha ụlọ ọrụ bụ iji chọpụta ego nke ụtụ isi, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabeere ha doo nke iwu Alaeze Ukwu Rom.

Specific isi nwekwara ike ịbanye nkwekọrịta na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu. Nanị ihe na-adịghị na ha, - ibe ya bụrụ njikọ aka na ndị ọzọ ike megide onye na-achị nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom. Na-ekwu okwu n'oge a asụsụ, mgbe bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke a nkwekọrịta kpọmkwem German isi ghọrọ achị iwu mba na-ekerechi òkè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndụ nke Europe. Iwusi ọnọdụ ha na-akwalite guzobe nke gọọmenti etiti Ọdịdị nke oge a na Germany.

Religious ndụ mgbe 1648

Banyere ndị metụtara okpukpe, dị ka a n'ihi nke Peace nke Westphalia na Germany nwere nha anya ikike Katọlik, okpukpe Calvin na òtù Luther na nkwado iwu na echiche ụwa nke ụka nile, nke a rụrụ na 20-ies nke Asaa narị afọ. Ugbu a gaa n'ihu, ruru eru ịtụ vootu ike ikpebiri ụmụ amaala nke okpukpe ha. Ke adianade do, n'okpuru okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia Spain ghọtara onwe nke Holland. Cheta na ntọhapụ ije ná mba a malitere na demonstrations megide Catholic Spain. N'ezie, a na ha kwekọrịtara nkwado iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị fragmentation nke Germany, na-agụsị a alaeze ukwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba a.

N'ihi ya, Udo nke Westphalia ka budata ike ike nke France, gwakwara ya site njiko-ama ya aka, Spain, na-ekwu na ụzọ ọrụ n'etiti niile European na-ekwu.

Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa ọrụ nke a nkwekorita, nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwu: ọ bụ ihe ndabere maka niile ụdi European nkwekọrịta ruo XVIII narị afọ, mgbe French wee ebe. Bourgeois mgbanwe. N'okpuru okwu nke Peace nke Westphalia Spain ghọtara onwe nke Northern Netherlands. Ọzọkwa, mba iwu kwadoro nke Swiss Union.

The uru nke Peace nke Westphalia

N'ihi ya, nkwekorita akpọ ihe omume ahụ na triggered ụwa nke oge a iji, nke na-enye n'ihi na ọnụnọ nke ụwa mba-ekwu na mmetụta nke ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke iwu mba. Ụkpụrụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị itule, eleghị anya ọ na-guzobere n'ihi nke ndokwa nke Peace nke Westphalia. Ọdịnala idozi mgbagwoju territorial, iwu na okpukpe nsogbu ke mmekọrịta nke abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa States na-eji na nnyonye anya nke ọzọ dị ike na akpa European ike apụtawo ìhè n'ihu kemgbe ahụ.

The uru nke afọ 30 agha n'ihi na e guzobere nke ugbu a usoro iwu

Echiche nke "Westphalian usoro", nke na-ezo aka n'ụwa nke iwu na ebe bịara mgbe 1648, na-ezo iji hụ na ọchịchị nke ọ bụla State ya ziri ezi ókèala. Ruo mgbe XIX narị afọ iwu nke nkwekọrịta na ọnọdụ nke Peace nke Westphalia na-n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kpebisiri ike site iwu nke Nsọ Alaeze Ukwu Rom.

Mgbe ọdịdị nke nkwekọrịta karịsịa ike ikike nke gbanwee Christianity na omenala Roman Catholic Christianity, nke dị mkpa si ele ihe anya nke omenala sayensị. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụfọdụ adịghị emezi emezi na ndokwa, nke mgbe na aka n'ime nkwekọrịta nwere ibi ndụ ndị bi na Germany. Ya mere, ha na-amanye na-eme a okpukpe, a họọrọ onye na-achị, nke ahụ bụ nnoo nnwere onwe okpukpe adịghị. Ma, n'agbanyeghị niile mehiere, Udo Westphalia bụ n'ezie mbụ (na ihe ịga nke ọma) na-anwa ike a usoro iwu mba.