The ọrụ nke enzymes. The ọrụ nke enzymes ke idem

Enzymes - a globular na-edozi, nke enyere ruo niile cellular Filiks. Dị ka ihe niile akpali, ha nwere ike ghara atụgharị azụ na nzaghachi, na-eji mee ngwangwa ya.

Orunótu nke enzymes na cell

Inside na cell, onye enzymes na-ejikari nwere na-arụ ọrụ na a nditịm kọwaa organelles. Orunótu nke enzymes na-na metụtara ndị ọrụ nke na-emekarị arụ cell na saịtị.

Fọrọ nke nta niile nke enzymes nke glycolysis-emi odude ke cytoplasm. Enzymes Krebs okirikiri - na mitochondrial matriks. N'ọrụ bekee ẹdude ke lysosomes hydrolysis.

Ụfọdụ anụ ahụ na akụkụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi na-abụghị nanị na a set nke enzymes, ma n'ihi na ọrụ ha. Nke a na atụmatụ akwa eji clinically na nchoputa nke ọrịa ụfọdụ.

E nwekwara afọ-kpọmkwem atụmatụ na ọrụ na ka nke enzymes na arọ. Ha bụ ndị kasị doro anya na anya na oge nke na-amalite amalite na mmepe mgbe anụ ahụ iche.

Nomenclature nke enzymes

E nwere ọtụtụ usoro nke utu aha, ọ bụla nke na-elebara Njirimara nke enzyme n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche.

• Obere. Aha ndị bekee na-nyere random odide. Ka ihe atụ, pepsin (pepsis - "mgbaze", Gr.) Ndien trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" Grik.)
• Ò. Aha nke enzyme na-emi esịnede na mkpụrụ na ọgwụgwụ nke "-ase". Ka ihe atụ, amylase accelerates hydrolysis nke starch (amylo - "starch", Greek.).
• Moscow. Ọ e kuchiri na 1961 site na International Commission na nomenclature nke enzymes na V International Biochemical Congress. Mbụ na umi-emi esịnede a mkpụrụ na mmeghachi omume nke a na-catalyzed (ngwa ngwa) site enzyme. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ nke enzymes bụ nyefee a ìgwè nke atọm si otu molekul (mkpụrụ) ọzọ (na acceptor), mkpali agụnye aha na chemical aha nke acceptor. Ka ihe atụ, na amino otu nyefe mmeghachi omume si alanine 2-oksiglutarovuyu acid atụ enzyme alanine: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. The aha na-egosipụta:
• mkpụrụ - alanine;
• acceptor - 2-oxoglutaric acid;
• amino anabata na mmeghachi omume.

International Commission ka weere a ndepụta niile mara enzymes, nke bụ mgbe niile emelitere. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ chọpụtara nke ọhụrụ bekee.

nhazi ọkwa nke enzymes

Share enzymes n'ime iche iche na ụzọ abụọ. The mbụ enye abụọ na klas nke bekee:

• mfe - ekewet naanị nke protein;
• mgbagwoju - nwere protein akụkụ (apoenzyme) na na-abụghị protein akpọ coenzyme.

Vitamin nwere ike gụnyere ndị na-abụghị protein nke enzyme mgbagwoju. Mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ bekee emee site n'ọrụ na saịtị. Total enzyme molekul anaghị isonye na usoro.

Njirimara nke enzymes, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị ọzọ na-edozi, na-ekpebisi ike site na ha mebere atumatu. Dabere na akpali ya na-naanị mee ngwangwa ha mmeghachi omume.

The abụọ nhazi ọkwa usoro abahade N'ezie, ihe ọrụ a rụrụ site enzymes. N'ihi bụ isii ọmụmụ:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Nke a ot ìgwè, ha dị iche na ọ bụghị nanị na ụdị nke Jeremaya mere na-achịkwa enzymes ugbua ha na ha. Na bekee nke iche iche iche iche nke ihe owuwu dị iche iche. Na ndị ọrụ nke enzymes na cell, ya mere, nwere ike ịbụ otu ihe ahụ.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Isi ọrụ nke ìgwè mbụ nke enzymes - osooso nke ọxịdashọn-Mbelata Jeremaya mere. A mara mma: ike na-etolite a yinye oxidative enzymes, na nke nyefe nke electrons ma ọ bụ hydrogen atọm si akpa mkpụrụ ikpeazụ acceptor. A ogige e kewapụrụ dị ka ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ na mmeghachi omume.

1. Aerobic dehydrogenase (oxidase) ngwangwa nyefe nke electrons ma ọ bụ protons ozugbo na oxygen atọm. Anaerobic nwekwara ịrụ otu ọrụ, ma na ndị Jeremaya mere na-erukwa na-enweghị nyefe nke electrons ma ọ bụ hydrogen atọm na oxygen atọm.
2. Primary dehydrogenase catalyzed usoro ndọrọ ego hydrogen atọm si oxidizable bekee (isi mkpụrụ). Secondary - ngwangwa mwepụ nke hydrogen atọm si a abụọ mkpụrụ na-akwado ya site na iji isi dehydrogenase.

Akụkụ ọzọ: ịbụ a abụọ-akụrụngwa mkpali na a nnọọ nta set of coenzyme (ifịk otu), ha nwere ike mee ngwangwa ndị set nke a dịgasị iche iche nke ọxịdashọn-Mbelata Jeremaya mere. Nke a na-enweta site a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke variants: otu coenzyme nwere ike rube isi dị iche iche apofermentami. Na nke ọ bụla, a karịsịa oxidoreductase na ya Njirimara.

E nwere akụkụ ọzọ nke otu a nke enzymes, nke nwere ike ịda ada banyere - ha ọsọ chemical Filiks metụtara na ntọhapụ nke ike. Omume dị otú ahụ na-akpọ exothermic.

Transferase - ebu

Ndị a enzymes na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osooso nyefe Jeremaya mere molekụla residues na ọtọ iche iche. Ka ihe atụ, phosphofructokinase.

Igbunye asatọ iche iche nke akpali, nke dabeere na gānagide otu. Tụlee nanị ụfọdụ n'ime ha.

1. Phosphotransferase - aka nyefee residues nke phosphoric acid. Ha na-ekewa n'ime subclasses dị ka ebe (mmanya, carboxylic acid, wdg).
2. Aminotransferase - ngwangwa mmeghachi omume nke amino asịd transamination.
3. Glycosyl - bufee glycosyl residues nke ụmụ irighiri irighiri nke phosphoric esters nke mono- na polysaccharides. Nye a decomposition Jeremaya mere na njikọ nke oligo- ma ọ bụ polysaccharides na osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ ntule. Ihe atụ, ha na-ekere òkè mmeghachi omume nke sucrose ida.
4. Acyltransferase bufee residues nke carboxylic asịd na amines, alcohols na amino asịd. Acyl-coenzyme-A bụ a vasatail isi iyi nke acyl iche iche. Ọ nwere ike na-ewere dị ka onye nọ n'ọrụ ìgwè nke acyltransferases. Ọtụtụ mgbe anabata acyl acetic acid.

Hydrolase - gbarie na òkè nke mmiri

Na otu a nke enzymes na-arụ ọrụ dị ka akpali maka cleavage Jeremaya mere (njikọ obere) nke organic ogige nke mmiri na-aka. Bekee ke otu a-nọ na-na ngịga na digestive ihe ọṅụṅụ. akpali molekul na eriri afọ tract na-ekewet nke a otu akụrụngwa.

Ebe orunótu ndị a enzymes bụ lysosomes. Ha na-arụ na-echebe ọrụ nke enzymes na cell: gārapara n'aru mba ọzọ bekee na gabiga akpụkpọ ahụ. Ha na-erepịa ndị bekee nke na-adịkwaghị mkpa cell, n'ihi na nke lysosomes na kpọrọ idebe.

Ọzọ nke ha "aha otutu" - na cellular igbu onwe ya, ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ ndị isi ngwá ọrụ maka cell autolysis. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere onye na ọrịa, mkpali usoro amalitela, ndị akpụkpọ ahụ na-aghọ permeable na lysosomal hydrolase n'ime cytoplasm, na-ebibi ihe niile dị ya ụzọ na-ebibi ndị cell.

Nnwekọrịta site ọtụtụ ụdị nke akpali si otu a:

• esterase - maka hydrolysis nke esters nke alcohols;
• Glycosidase - ngwangwa hydrolysis nke glycosides, dabere na nke isomer ha rụọ ọrụ, emit α- ma ọ bụ β-glycosidase;
• peptide hydrolase - maka hydrolysis nke peptide nkekọ na-edozi, na n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ na n'ihi na ha njikọ, ma nke a na usoro a na-adịghị eji na protein nsụchi ndụ;
• amidase - maka hydrolysis nke amides ihe atụ, urease catalyzes decomposition nke urea n'ime amonia na mmiri.

Isomerase - molekul akakabarede

Ndị bekee mee ngwangwa mgbanwe n'ime otu molekul. Ha nwere ike ịbụ bughi ma ọ bụ geometric. Nke a nwere ike ime eme na ụzọ dị iche iche:

• nyefe nke hydrogen atọm;
• na-akpụ akpụ a phosphate otu;
• mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ nke atọm emi na ohere;
• ije nke abụọ nkekọ.

The isomerization nwere ike gụrụ organic asịd, carbohydrates ma ọ bụ amino asịd. Isomerase nwere ike tọghata aldehydes na ketones, ọzọ, ihe CIS ụdị reconstructed n'ime a trans ụdị na azụ. Iji mma ịghọta ihe ọrụ na-rụrụ site enzymes nke otu a, mkpa ka ị mara ihe dị iche na isomers.

Lyase adọka njikọ

Ndị a enzymes mee ngwangwa ndị na-abụghị hydrolytic decomposition nke organic ogige mmekọahụ:

• carbon-carbon agbụ;
• site-oxygen;
• carbon-sọlfọ;
• carbon-nitrogen;
• carbon-oxygen.

Na nke a na-agụnye ndị dị otú ahụ dị mfe ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka carbon dioxide, mmiri, amonia, na mechiri emechi abụọ agbụ. Ole na ole n'ime ndị a Jeremaya mere nwere ike ịga na-abụghị direction, kwekọrọ ekwekọ na enzymes n'okpuru adabara ọnọdụ n'ihi na usoro a ọ bụghị nanị na catalyze gbasaa, ma njikọ.

Nhazi ọkwa lyase emee ụdị njikọ, ha agbaji. Ha na-mgbagwoju enzymes.

ligase crosslinked

Isi ọrụ nke enzymes nke otu a - osooso nke njikọ Jeremaya mere. Ha peculiarity - eke conjugation na disintegration bekee nke nwere ike na-enye ike maka biosynthetic usoro. E nwere ihe isii nkewa kpụrụ ụdị njikọ. Ise n'ime ha bụ ndị yiri subgroups lyases, na nke isii bụ maka guzosie nkwurịta okwu "nitrogen-metal".

Ụfọdụ ligases na-abuana ke a dị mkpa karịsịa cell Filiks. Dị ka ihe atụ, a DNA ligase abuana ke replication nke deoxyribonucleic acid. Ọ sews nicked, eke ọhụrụ phosphodiester agbụ. Ọ bụ na ọ na-enyekwara Okazaki iberibe.

Nke a otu enzyme na ọtụtụ-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa injinịa. Ọ na-ekwe ọkà mmụta sayensị na crosslink na DNA molekul nke dị mkpa iberibe ha, na-eke a pụrụ iche yinye deoxyribonucleic acid. Ha nwere ike dina ozi ọ bụla, si otú eke a factory n'ihi na mmepụta nke dị oké mkpa na-edozi. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụ omume na-ikwa a mpempe DNA nke a na nje bacteria na-akpata insulin njikọ. Ma mgbe cell ohuru a ga ya na-edozi ahụ, ọ na n'otu oge ahụ ka anyị mee ka na mineral mkpa maka ọgwụ na ahụ ike na nzube. Ọ na-anọgide na ikpochapụ, na ọ ga-enyere ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa.

The nnukwu ọrụ nke enzymes ke idem

Ha nwere ike na-amụba mmeghachi omume ọnụego karịa ugboro iri. Ọ dị oké mkpa maka nkịtị cell ọrụ. A enzymes isonye na onye ọ bụla mmeghachi omume. Ya mere, ndị ọrụ nke enzymes ke idem iche iche dị ka ihe niile na-ewere ọnọdụ Filiks. A emeghasịkwa nke ndị a akpali eduga oké pụta.

Enzymes na n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-eji na nri, ìhè ụlọ ọrụ, na nkà mmụta ọgwụ: ji mee ihe maka imewe nke chiiz, sausages, nri mkpọ, na-gụnyere ke omo ntụ. Ha na-eji ke imewe nke foto ihe.