Alexander 2:-ekpochapụ serfdom, na mgbanwe na-akpata

Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke Alexander 2 na-ekpochapụ serfdom? Mere o kpebiri ime ka ndị nkịtị free? On a na ajụjụ ndị ọzọ anyị ga-aza n'isiokwu a. Oru ugbo mgbanwe akagbu akagbu serfdom na Russia malitere na 1861. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama mgbanwe nke eze ukwu.

The isi ihe

Onye ama ama Alexander 2? -Ekpochapụ serfdom - ọ bụ ya n'aka. Gịnị mere e nwere mkpa maka mgbanwe nke a pụrụ iche? Preconditions maka ya ntoputa e guzobere mbubreyo na Asaa na narị afọ. All n'ígwé nke ọha mmadụ na-ewere serfdom dị ka ihe rụrụ arụ onu, nke bụ ihe ihere Russia. Ọtụtụ ga-achọ ịhụ mba ha bụ na a par na mba Europe na nke na-enweghị ohu. Ya mere, Russian ọchịchị malitere iche banyere-ekpochapụ serfdom.

The isi kpatara mgbanwe:

• N'ihi na ndị na-abụghị na-arụpụta ọrụ nke serfs (serfdom ogbenye arụmọrụ) nwe ulo aku na uba wee banye ojuju.
• Serfdom egbochi mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ na ahia, nke gbochie abawanye na isi obodo na-ewepụta Russia na udi nke obere mba.
• The imeri ke Crimea War (1853-1856 gg.) Hụrụ backwardness nke ọchịchị na mba.
• Mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị riots ọrụ ugbo gosiri na serfdom bụ a "powder keg."

nzọụkwụ ndị mbụ

Ya mere, anyị na-anọgide na ihe ọzọ iji chọpụta ihe o mere Alexander 2. The ekpochapụ serfdom mbụ butere ihe Alexander 1, ma otu aghọtaghị otú mejuputa a mgbanwe. Mgbe ahụ eze ukwu ahụ amachaghị site n'iwu nke 1803 na free ọrụ ugbo.

Na 1842, Nicholas 1 nakweere Iwu "On ọcha nkịtị", dị ka nke onye nwe ulo nwere ikike hapụ obodo site n'inye ha otu ibé ala. N'aka nke ya, ndị obodo ahụ maka ojiji nke ebe na-ebu conscription na ihu ọma nke nna ya ukwu. Otú ọ dị, nke a iwu ka e kee maka ogologo, n'ihi na ndị nwe achọghị ka ha serfs.

Great Emperor Alexander bụ 2. The ekpochapụ serfdom - a oké mgbanwe. Ya iwu ọzụzụ malitere na 1857. Eze wee nye iwu na-etolite kọmitii nke anāchi achi, nke na-eme ka oru ngo iji melite kwa ụbọchị ndụ nke ndị obodo ahụ. Na a mmemme, isiokwu kọmitii dere iwu, nke bụ na-atụle na iru a Main Kọmitii.

Na 1861, February 19, Tsar Alexander 2 kaa akara site Manifesto nke-ekpochapụ serfdom na mma na "Regulations na ndị nkịtị atọhapụ ohu ọnọdụ." Nke a eze ukwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme aha ya bụ onye mgbapụta.

na-ebute ụzọ

Olee ezi mere Alexander 2? -Ekpochapụ serfdom nyere obodo ụfọdụ obodo na onye ohere ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka nri na-aga n'ụlọikpe, ịlụ di, ka ọ bata n'ime ọrụ Bekee, na-azụ ahịa, na na na. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ndị a kpaara nnwere onwe nke ije. Ke adianade do, ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị pụrụ iche ala na ụlọ nke a pụrụ doro ya ahụhụ na-ebu conscription.

Land nọgidere na ihe onwunwe ndị nwe ala na obodo guzo ma na-etinye na ubi farmstead biri ụzọ ndụ, n'ihi na nke ha na a chọrọ ka na-eje ozi ha ọrụ (ọrụ ma ọ bụ ego). New iwu si wusiri ike fọrọ nke nta ka indistinguishable. Site iwu, ndị obodo nwere ikike iji gbapụta ala na ụlọ ma ọ bụ òkè. N'ihi ya, ha ghọrọ ndị nọọrọ onwe ha obodo-nwe. Tupu mgbe ahụ, a kpọrọ ha "ndị na nwa oge". Mgbapụta hà quitrent, nyere maka afọ ọtụtụ 17!

ike Help

Gịnị mere mgbanwe nke Alexander 2? -Ekpochapụ serfdom bụ a pụtara mgbagwoju anya usoro. Government aka peasantry uwe kpọmkwem "mgbapụta ọrụ." Mgbe a arụnyere òkè, na onye nwe ulo ikwu ugwo 80% of ya price. 20% na-ekewet a obodo na-àkù ego, nke o wee na obere na-aghaghị ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ime 49 afọ.

Growers n'otu ime ime obodo, na ndị, n'aka nke ya, na-ike n'ime parish. Ubi n'ala ụtọ na obodo. Iji mejuputa "ihe mgbapụta ụgwọ", ndị nkịtị malitere inyere onye ọ bụla ọzọ.

Yard ndị mmadụ ala na-adịghị akọ, ma n'ime afọ abụọ ha na-anọ nwa oge iwu. Ọzọ, ha na-ekwe ka ike ekewet obodo ma ọ bụ n'obodo ndị mepere emepe na otu. N'etiti nkịtị na nwe ala ịbanye nkwekọrịta bụ ndị e depụtara na "charters." E guzobere ya na post nke conciliator, onye ịghọta nghọtahie. Business mgbanwe ada "Provincial Rural Affairs ọnụnọ."

mmetụta

Gịnị bụ ọnọdụ ndị kere Alexander Reform 2? -Ekpochapụ serfdom gbanwee ọrụ n'ime commodities, na-enwe mmetụta na mmepe nke ahịa mmekọahụ, ya bụ, ndị ikeketeorie mba. Dị ka a N'ihi ya nke mgbanwe a na-eji nwayọọ malitere na-etolite ọhụrụ na-elekọta mmadụ strata nke ndị bi na - na bourgeoisie na proletariat.

N'ihi na nke mgbanwe ndị na-na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-elekọta mmadụ na aku na uba ndụ nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu mgbe ekpochapụ serfdom, ndị ọchịchị nwere ndị ọzọ bara uru mgbanwe na mmetụta mgbanwe nke mba anyị n'ime a bourgeois akwado ọchịchị ya.

Na mgbanwe na nkenke

Ònye dị mkpa-ekpochapụ serfdom n'okpuru Alexander 2? Na Russia, na n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 malitere nnukwu akụ na ụba na-elekọta mmadụ nsogbu, isi iyi nke bụ a oge ochie feudal-feudal aku usoro. Nke a nuance egbochi mmepe nke ikeketeorie na kwuru na ngụkọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti Russia na elu ná mba. Ukwuu nsogbu ahụ sirila gosi na ya na Russian imeri ke Crimea War.

Feudal nrigbu nọgidere, na-eme enweghị afọ ojuju n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị obi ụtọ. Ọtụtụ obodo ọsọ ọrụ mmanye. The na-emesapụ ama nke ghọtara mkpa ime mgbanwe.

Na 1855-1857 gg. King natara 63 akwụkwọ ozi na a amaghị na n'ihi na mkpochapu serfdom. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Alexander 2 ghọtara na ọ ka mma nyak ndị obodo na ha onwe ha ihe ngwọta nke "top" kama ichere maka insurgency "si n'okpuru".

Ndị a mere megide ndabere nke ike nke buu onye kwuo uche-revolutionary ọnọdụ uche na ọha mmadụ. NA Dobrolyubov na N. G. Chernyshevsky ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ echiche na-hụrụ ezigbo aka site na ama.

uche nke na ama

Ya mere, ị maraworị ihe ndị na mkpebi e weere site Alexander 2. The ihe mere-ekpochapụ serfdom anyị kọwara n'elu. Ọ maara na n'oge ahụ a na-ewu ewu magazine "Contemporary", ke Ibé akwụkwọ nke ndị mmadụ nọ na-atụle ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke Russia. Na London, bipụtara "Polar Star" na "Bell" - ha nwere olileanya maka onyeeze ụzọ mkpochapu serfdom na Russia.

Mgbe ọtụtụ deliberation, Alexander 2 malitere ịkwadebe a draft nke oru ugbo mgbanwe. Na 1857-1858 gg. Kọmitii nke anāchi achi na guzobere, nke gụnyere ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu ndị nnọchiteanya nke na ama (NA Milyukov, Yi Rostovtsev, na ndị ọzọ). Otú ọ dị, ndị nnukwu nke oké ozu na gentry megide innovations ma chọọ ịnọgide na-enwe dị ka ukwuu nke ha ùgwù. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọ na-emetụta ndị draft iwu mepụtara site Commission.

ọnọdụ

N'ezie, ị ga-echeta na ndị nkịtị mere free Alexander 2. The ekpochapụ serfdom nkenke kọwara na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị treatises. Ya mere, na 1861, 19 nke February, eze ukwu countersign na Manifesto na Mkpochapu servile echiche ndị Nazi. State atụnye malitere ugwo landlords maka ala ceded na ojiji nke obodo. Nkezi size ọrụ ugbo òkè ra ka 3.3 acres. The nkịtị ọ dịghị ekenyela akpa nkata, ha we malite ịgbazite ala si landlords, na-aṅa ya oru na ego. Nke a nuance nọ oru ugbo dependency na-nwe ma mee ka a laghachi ochie feudal style of na-arụ ọrụ.

N'agbanyeghị ngwa mmepe nke mmepụta na ndị ọzọ rụzuru, ọnọdụ nke Russian oru ugbo ka na nọrọ na a nnọọ emegbu ala. State ụtụ isi, ndị fọdụrụ feudal mmekọahụ, ji aka nwe ala ịghọta mmepe nke ugbo.

Oru ugbo obodo nke ha ikike ka ala ghọọ a ụgbọelu nke unitary mmekọrịta na-esiri aku ọrụ kasị uchu òtù.

prehistory

Ekweta, na-akpata-ekpochapụ serfdom n'okpuru Alexander 2 bụ a mara mma nnukwu. The mbụ nzọụkwụ kwupụta ntọhapụ nke ndị nkịtị si servile na nduzi mere Paul Alexander 1 na 1. Ha na-na 1797 na 1803 karị bịanyere aka Manifesto nke ụbọchị atọ corvee, nke a na-ejedebeghị na-arụ ọrụ mmanye, na Iwu na free ọka growers, nke kọwaa ọnọdụ nke onwe ha nkịtị.

Alexander 1 mma usoro ihe omume nke A. A. Arakcheeva na gradual mbibi nke serfdom site nnapụ n'ike manor obodo na ha n'òkè-àkù. Ma nke a usoro bụghị emejuputa fọrọ. Naanị 1816-1819 biennium. Ọ e nyere nnwere onwe na nkịtị Baltic, ma na-enweghị ala.

Principles of ọrụ ugbo ala nke na-ewu mgbanwe echiche irutu na VA Kokoreva na K. D. Kavelina onye natara otu nnukwu omume nke ọha mmadụ na 1850s. Ọ maara na Cavelin ke "Letter maka ntọhapụ nke ndị obodo" (1855) na-atụ aro na ndị obodo ịzụta ala na-enyemaka nke a ego na-akwụ ego nke 5% kwa afọ afọ 37 site a pụrụ iche Farmers Bank.

Kokorev n'akwụkwọ "Ijeri na foogu" (1859) nyere ịzụta ọka ọrụ ugbo site ụma guzobere a onwe akụ. Ọ na-atụ aro ọrụ ugbo ka na-aga na ala na ndị nwe ala kwụọ ụgwọ ya ego eji n'aka ugwo obodo afọ 37.

analysis of mgbanwe

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na-amụ ihe mere Alexander 2. The ekpochapụ serfdom na Russia na-na-amụ site akụkọ ihe mere eme na dibịa Alexander Skrebitskim, nke ada ọnụ niile dị ozi na mmepe nke mgbanwe n'akwụkwọ ya. Ọrụ ya e bipụtara 60s. XIX narị afọ na Bonn.

Mgbe e mesịrị chroniclers na-amụ ajụjụ ndị obodo, na dị iche iche na-ekwu na ndị bụ isi na ndokwa nke ndị a iwu. Ka ihe atụ, Pokrovsky kwuru na dum mgbanwe n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na e belata ka eziokwu na ha kwụsịrị na eze aha na "serfs." "Ụgwọ" Ugbu a, ha na-akpọ. Chie, ha e weere dị ka free, ma ndụ ha agbanwebeghị, na ọbụna na-aka njọ. Ka ihe atụ, landlords aghọwo ọbụna ihe flog nkịtị.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme dere na "iwu" nkịtị kwenyesiri ike na nke a uche - a adịgboroja. Ọ rụrụ ụka na-mara ọkwa site eze a free nwoke, na n'otu oge ahụ nọgide na-ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ na-aga serfdom - a jọgburu onwe ndiiche, na-adọta uche. Otu echiche ahụ bụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, otu n'ime ndị kasị na-akwanyere ùgwù ndị ọkachamara na nsogbu nke ochie ọchịchị nke ugbo Russian ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere NA Rozhkov, nakwa dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ dere onye dere banyere ndị nkịtị.

Ọtụtụ ndị kweere na iwu nke February 1861, iwu abolishing serfdom, ọ bụghị ya mkpochapu dị ka akụ na ụba na-elekọta mmadụ alụmdi. Ma ha meghere ụzọ maka nke a ga-eme na a ole na ole ọtụtụ iri afọ.

nnyocha

Gịnị mere ọtụtụ akatọwo ọchịchị Alexander 2? -Ekpochapụ serfdom mere na-amasị na buu dịkọrọ ndụ na ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme (karịsịa Soviet). Ha na-atụle nke a mgbanwe a na ọkara na ekwu na ọ emeghị ka ntọhapụ nke ndị obodo, ma naanị kpọmkwem na usoro nke usoro a, na mmegbu na ezughị.

Historians-arụ ụka na nke a reorganization facilitated isi nke a na-akpọ na-emeghe-ubi usoro - na ihe ọhụrụ pụrụ isi chọta nke ala otu nwe, interspersed na mba ọzọ plots. N'ezie, a na-ekesa nwayọọ nwayọọ, ghọrọ usoro ihe karịrị narị afọ. Ọ bụ a na-esi mgbe nile redistribution nke anyị na ala, tumadi na ndị okenye na ndị ezinụlọ ngalaba ndikom.

N'ezie, onye oru ugbo akpa nkata mgbe reorganization na 1861 na-Mkpughe site landlords na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anāchi achi na ewerewo ala ahụ malite ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụrụ na-etinye kwa n'isi n'isi bụ karịa na ọgwụ maka district. N'ezie, nna ukwu nwere ike ma na-enye otu ibé ala, ma ọtụtụ mgbe ọ daghị. Ọ bụ nnukwu ala obodo emetụta arụmọrụ nke mgbanwe na natara òkè hà kasị ala ọnụego.