Alkadienes - na-ahụkarị ndị nnọchiteanya nke unsaturated hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes nke usoro nke dị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hydrogen atọm bụ hydrocarbons. Tụlee atụmatụ nke ọ bụla na klas, ụdị hybridization, e ji mara Njirimara.

paraffins

Jupụta hydrocarbons nwere izugbe usoro C _n H _{2n + 2.} Ha niile nkekọ dị n'etiti hydrogen atọm na carbon otu. Ọ bụrụ na mmeghachi omume ekewapụ onye hydrogen, alkane na-ghọrọ ka ifịk urughuru - buu. The mbụ so nke usoro isiokwu a bụ gaseous bekee nke bụ ufat soluble n'ime mmiri.

Na onye na-abawanye na carbon nọmba nke solubility mbelata na isi yinye, na hydrocarbons rue n'ime siri ike nchịkọta ala n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi chemical Njirimara pụta ụwa na-anọchite anya nke a na klas, anyị ịmata ihe dị iche nnọchi. N'ihi na eziokwu na niile nkwurịta okwu jupụta, njikọ maka alkanes uncharacteristically. Ka ndị niile ọzọ organic bekee, alkanes eme na oxygen (combustion), dị ka a n'ihi nke nke ume tọhapụrụ. Usoro a na-endothermic, na-eji na mmepụta nke kpo oku residential na ulo oru ogige.

cycloalkanes

The atụmatụ a na klas nke ụmụ irighiri bụ ọnụnọ nke a mechiri emechi Ọdịdị. The n'ozuzu usoro nke ndị dị otú hydrocarbons bụ nke ụdị C _n H _2n. Nyere akpan akpan Ọdịdị nke ahụ na klas, ha na-ji a nnọchi mmeghachi omume n'akụkụ yinye, na hydrogen adianade do, nke a na-esonyere mbibi okirikiri.

alkenes

Na homologous usoro nke izugbe usoro nke ethylene nwere ụdị C _n H _{2n + 2.} The pụrụ iche na atụmatụ nke hydrocarbons (naphthenes) mata ọnụnọ nke a okpukpu abụọ nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị carbon atọm. Pi-nkekọ a kpụrụ n'ihi na yitewere nke abụọ na-abụghị ngwakọ p-orbitals on n'akụkụ carbon atọm.

Ọ na-ekpebi bụghị naanị ọnụnọ nke carbon ụdị hybridization na alkenes, ma ndị e ji mara chemical Njirimara nke òtù nile nke a na klas nke organic ogige. Qualitative mmeghachi omume unsaturation (abụọ) nkekọ ga-achagharị bromine mmiri.

The mmeghachi omume nke cleavage nke abụọ nkekọ n'isonyere okirikiri ọkụ n'isi alkene molekul. Ke adianade Jeremaya mere peculiar e ji mara nke a homologous usoro, na-akọ, achagharị potassium permanganate.

N'etiti Njirimara nke ethylene na ya homologues mkpa iji họrọ na ndị ọzọ ụdị adianade Jeremaya mere. Na hydrogenation (mmeghachi omume na hydrogen), guzobe nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ alkane. Hydration (na mmiri) na gidrogalogenirovanie (hydrogen halide molekul) esi n'aka unsaturated alkenes site Markovnikov achị.

Ya kachasi mkpa idu ke eziokwu na mgbe n'isonyere nesimmetrichnmou alkene (nkwurịta okwu ala 1) ụmụ irighiri mmiri ma ọ bụ hydrogen halide cleavage nke abụọ nkekọ. Hydrogen na-agbakwunyere na mmekọrịta nke a hydrogenated (jupụta hydrogen) carbon atọm, na gidroksogrupp ma ọ bụ halogen mmasị dịkarịa ala hydrogenated N.

E wezụga na-agbakwụnye na ethylene na ya homologues ji polymerization mmeghachi omume. Site a obere ngwaahịa monomer akpụ nnukwu polima molekul esịnede yiri bughi nkeji. Polymerization na ọtụtụ-eji na-chemical ụlọ ọrụ maka mmepe nke oge a na plastik.

alkadienes

N'ihi na a mmalite, alkadienes - bụ unsaturated hydrocarbons enwe general usoro C _n H _{2n + 2.} E nwere ụfọdụ myirịta dị n'etiti ndị nnọchiteanya nke homologous usoro na alkenes. Ebe ọ bụ na alkadienes - ọ bụ unsaturated hydrocarbons, n'ihi na ha na-ji site ihe-mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume.

Ihe dị iche bụ na na dienes bụ abụọ unsaturated abụọ agbụ, otú maka zuru accession achọ ngafe nke bromine mmiri, hydrogen, mmiri, hydrogen halide.

Anọchitekwa anya nke ụfọdụ nke propadiene banye polymerization mmeghachi omume. Products nwetara n'oge a mmeghachi omume a na-eji maka mmepụta nke sịntetik roba, roba rụpụta. Ebe ọ bụ na alkadienes - bụ unsaturated bekee qualitative mmeghachi omume maka na ha kpebisiri ga achagharị potassium permanganate na bromine mmiri. Alkadienes homologous usoro nke-amalite na propadiene, bụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ solids.

N'etiti ngwa nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke a na klas igbunye mmepụta nke polymeric ihe.

alkynes

Na homologous usoro acetylene general usoro bụ C _n H _2n-2. Ọ bụrụ na alkadienes - a umi nke na-emi esịnede abụọ abụọ agbụ, maka alkyne e ji a Mmaji nkekọ. Qualitative mmeghachi omume atọ nkekọ nke alkynes maka akpàràkpà akpọ mmekọrịta na ndị nnọchiteanya nke a na klas nke mgbagwoju compound - diamine silver hydroxide (1). The na mmekọrịta nke nnu kpụrụ - silver acetylide.

Anọchitekwa anya nke a homologous usoro ndị interclass isomers nke alkadienes. N'otu aka ahụ, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes niile na-eme na halogen adianade do, hydrogen, hydrogen halide, na mmiri. Mgbe mmasị a molekul nke acetylene ezughi oke ego nke hydrogen emepụta ethylene. N'ihe banyere mmekọrịta ngafe hydrogen emepụta si acetylene ethane (jupụta hydrocarbon).

ọgwụgwụ

Alkynes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, chemical Njirimara nke na-atụle n'elu, mee ihe atụ nke isi myirịta na esemokwu dị n'etiti dị iche iche ọmụmụ nke bekee. All ndị hydrocarbons na Ọdịdị nwere carbon na hydrogen atọm, bụ otú magburu onwe mmanụ ụgbọala.