Ebe a na-synthesized rRNA. RRNA Ribosomal RNA: akparamagwa na nkọwa nke ihe owuwu

Molekụla bayoloji e amụ ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke organic ụmụ irighiri ihe na-eme ka elu dị ndụ nke osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ. Ọwọrọiso n'etiti ha e nyere otu ìgwè nke ogige a na-akpọ nucleic (nuclear) asịd.

E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) na ribonucleic. Nke ikpeazụ nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe: mRNA, tRNA na rRNA, nke dị iche na ha ọrụ na ebe orunótu na cell. Isiokwu a na-ewepụtara ọmụmụ nke ajụjụ ndị a: ebe a na-synthesized rRNA na prokaryotic na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ, ihe bụ nke ya Ọdịdị na pụtara.

ya mere eme

The mbụ na nkà mmụta sayensị aha ribosomal acid pụrụ ịchọta ọmụmụ site R. Weinberg na S. bụkwa na 60-ies nke XX narị afọ, bụ ndị kọwara a obere polynucleotide molekul metụtara RNA, ma dị iche iche gbasara ohere Ọdịdị na sedimentation ọnụọgụ nke ọmụma na nyefe RNA. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-hụrụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke nucleolus, na cell organelles - ribosomes, maka njikọ nke cellular protein. Ha a na-akpọ ribosomal (Ribosomal RNA).

Akparamagwa nke RNA

Ribonucleic acid, dị ka DNA, bụ a polima nke monomers bụ nucleotides 4 ụdị: adenin, Gwanine, uracil na cytidine ejikọrọ phosphodiester nkekọ na ogologo otu-tọrọ atọ ụmụ irighiri, gbagọrọ n'ime a gburugburu na-enwe a ihe mgbagwoju ma ọ bụ conformation. E nwekwara abụọ-tọrọ atọ Ribosomal RNA aa na RNA nje virus na-oyiri DNA ọrụ: ịnọgide na-enwe na nnyefe nke butere n'aka àgwà.

Atọ ụdị asịd dị na cell Ọtụtụ bụ: a matriks, ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma, RNA iga Ribosomal RNA, nke na-mmasị amino asịd, nakwa dị ka ribosomal acid, emi odude ke nucleolus na cytoplasm nke cell.

Ribosomal RNA bụ mkpokọta 80% of ribonucleic asịd na cell na 60% nke uka nke ribosome - organelle, cellular protein njikọ. All n'elu umu na-synthesized (transcribed) na ụfọdụ nke DNA, ndị a RNA mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. N'oge njikọ nke molekul aka pụrụ iche enzyme - RNA polymerase. Ebe a na cell, ebe rRNA na-synthesized - bụ nucleolus, nke bụ na karyoplasm isi.

Nucleolus, ya ọrụ na njikọ nke

Na ihe dị ndụ, na-akpọ cell okirikiri ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ya nkewa - interphase. N'oge a, na ndị cell ntọala oké ozu granular owuwu akpọ nucleoli na bụ ihe dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa nke ma akwukwo nri na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-ọma anya.

Na molekụla bayoloji, ọ hụrụ na ndị nucleoli bụ organelles ebe rRNA na-synthesized. Ọzọkwa nnyocha mere ka chọpụtara Cytology akụkụ nke cell DNA nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu ma na njikọ nke ribosomal asịd ahuru. Ha a na-akpọ nucleolar nhazi.

nucleolus nhazi

Up 60-ies nke XX narị afọ na usoro ndu bụ otu echiche na nucleolus nhazi, emi odude na saịtị nke a nke abụọ constriction na 13, 14, 15, 21 na 22 na abụọ nke chromosomes, nwere n'ụdị a otu saịtị. Researchers abuana ke amụ chromosome mmebi, na-akpọ ọhụrụ, achọpụtala na oge ọdịiche chromosome na saịtị nke abụọ constriction a kpụrụ nucleoli na onye ọ bụla nke ya akụkụ.

N'ihi ya, ndị na-esonụ nwere ike kwuru, sị: nucleolus nhazi mejupụtara bụghị otu ma ọtụtụ loci (mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) maka guzobe nucleolus. Ọ nime ya synthesized rRNA Ribosomal RNA akpụ subunit protein-synthesizing cell organelles - ribosomes.

Gịnị bụ a ribosome?

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ihe niile atọ isi ụdị nke RNA adị cell, ebe ha na-synthesized ụfọdụ ebe - DNA mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ihe ribosomal RNA transcription ụdị okụre na-edozi - RNPs nke nke Nleta ihe akụkụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu organelles, a na-akpọ subunits. Site pores na nuclear akpụkpọ ahụ n'ime cytoplasm, ha kwaga na-etolite a n'otu Ọdịdị nime ya, gụnyere molekul na ka-RNA na t-RNA, a na-akpọ polysomes.

Ribosome pụrụ iche site na ihe nke calcium ion ma na-adị n'ụdị dị iche iche subunits. Agbara otu usoro pụtara na compartments nke cell cytoplasm ebe translation Filiks ime - gbakọta ụmụ irighiri cellular-edozi. N'ọrụ cell ọzọ intensively eru nime ya metabolism, ihe ọ na e dere ribosomes. Ka ihe atụ, ụmị ọkpụkpụ sel, hepatocytes na ụmụ mmadụ vertebrate anụmanụ ji a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị a organelles n'ime cytoplasm.

Olee otú mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-koodu rRNA?

Dabere na ndị e kwuru n'elu, ihe owuwu, na ụdị na-ọrụ nke rRNA mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa-adabere na nucleolar nhazi. Ha na-mere ndokwa loci nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nzuzo maka ribosomal RNA. O. Miller, na-eduzi nnyocha ovogenesis newt mkpụrụ ndụ, na-usoro guzosie ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị a mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ebe ọ bụ na ha na-synthesized mbipụta nke rRNA (a na-akpọ isi transkriptanty) nwere banyere 13h103 nucleotides na-enwe a sedimentation ọnụọgụ nke 45 S. Mgbe ahụ, a circuit ẹkenịmde chaa usoro agwụcha ụdị atọ ụmụ irighiri nke p-RNA sedimentation ọnụọgụ nke 5.8 S, 28 S, na 18 S.

The usoro nke guzobere p-RNA

Alaghachi Miller nwere nke nyochaworo njikọ nke ribosomal RNA ma gosi na DNA na-eje ozi nucleolar ụkpụrụ (matriks) nke e guzobere p-RNA - transkriptanta. Ọ na-hụrụ na ego nke enzyme RNA polymerase ụmụ irighiri na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọmụmụ akabeghị aka ribosomal asịd (tupu rRNA), nke na-guzobere. Mgbe ahụ maturation (nhazi), na p-RNA ụmụ irighiri amalite ozugbo eke agbụ na peptides, n'ihi bụ a ribonucleoprotein - ewu ihe owuwu ribosome.

Atụmatụ ribosomal asịd ke eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ

Inwe nkịtị ụkpụrụ na n'ozuzu Ọdịdị nke ahụ ọtọ usoro nke prokaryotic ribosomes na nuclear ntule ka nwere tsitomolekulyarnye iche. Iji chọta ha, ọmụmụ na-eme nnyocha na-eji a na usoro a na-akpọ X-ray analysis. Ọ hụrụ na ịdị ukwuu nke eukaryotic ribosome na n'ihi ya p-RNA gụnyere na ya, na ukwuu sedimentation ọnụọgụ nke 80 S. organelle, adịkwa magnesium ion, nwere ike iche abụọ subunits na-egosi 60 S 40 S. Small urughuru comprises otu molekul nke acid na nnukwu - atọ, i.e. nucleated mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ribosomes, esịnede 4 polynucleotide helices acid esonụ e ji mara: 28 s RNA - 5 puku nucleotides, 18 s - 2 puku 5 s - 120 nucleotides, 5, .. 8 S - 160. The ibe ebe rRNA na-synthesized na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ - a nucleolus disintegrations ụgha na karyoplasm ntọala.

Ribosomal RNA prokaryotes

N'adịghị ka p-RNA n'ime nucleated sel, nje ribosomal ribonucleic asịd na-transcribed na abịakọrọ òkè nke cytoplasm nwere DNA na-akpọ nucleoid. O nwere ihe rRNA mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ndokwa, a n'ozuzu e ji mara nke a pụrụ na-anọchite anya ihe ọmụma rewriting usoro na p-RNA mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na DNA usoro nke ribosomal ribonucleic acid nucleotide complementarity na iwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu: ebe adenin nukleoitid kwekọrọ uracil, na Gwanine - agakọta.

R-RNA bacteria nwere a ala molekụla ibu na nta akụkụ karịa nucleated mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha sedimentation ọnụọgụ S 70, na abụọ subunits nwere egosi 50 S na 30 S. The nta urughuru nwere otu molekul nke p-RNAs, na nnukwu - abụọ.

The ọrụ nke ribonucleic acid n'oge translation

Isi ọrụ nke rRNA bụ inye a usoro nke biosynthesis nke cell protein - LIVE. Ọ bụ naanị na ọnụnọ nke ribosomes nwere rRNA. Jikọọ ọnụ dị iche iche, ha na-ekekọta na DNA molekul nke ozi akpụ iwu. Ya site na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ kwesịrị ekwesị iga molekul ribosomal ribonucleic asịd agba amino asịd, nke, mgbe na polysomes jikọtara peptide nkekọ na-etolite a polima - protein. Ọ bụ ihe kasị mkpa organic compound mkpụrụ ndụ rụọkwa ọtụtụ mkpa ọrụ: ewu, iga, ike, enzyme, na nchekwa na na-agba ama.

Isiokwu a na-enyocha ndị e ji mara Ọdịdị na nkọwa nke ribosomal nucleic asịd na-organic biopolymers sel nke osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ.