Relic osisi. Ụdị relic osisi

Ihe Ncheta - na ntule ẹnịm ke ụwa ụfọdụ ebe kemgbe oge ochie, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke ịdị adị. Ha bụ ndị remnants nke nna nna iche iche, nke na-zuru ebe nile n'oge gara aga geological epochs. Okwu "relic" na-ewepụtara Latin reliquus, nke pụtara "ndị ọzọ."

Relict osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị oké nkà mmụta sayensị na uru. Ha bụ ndị na-ebu ozi, na pụrụ ịbụ a otutu agwa banyere eke na gburugburu ebe obibi nke gara eras. Ka-esi mata osisi ntule nkewa dị ka a relic.

Obodo relic osisi

Site obodo relict ụdị osisi na-echekwawo na a akpan akpan region ka a fọduru nke gara aga geological epochs na nke ọnọdụ nke ịdị adị ukwuu dị iche iche si taa. N'ihi ya, ruo Neogene (tertiary) onwunwe na-agụnye oké ọhịa akpụ osisi (chestnut, zelkova, na a ole na ole ndị ọzọ), a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Evergreen osisi (Goryanka Colchic, boxwood, ruscus aculeatus, rhododendron pontic et al.), Ma ahihia osisi na-eto eto na Kolkhida. Nke a bụ a pụtara okpomọkụ-n'anya umu relic osisi, n'ihi ya, ha na-nọ na-na ebe na-ekpo ọkụ climates.

Ihe Nlereanya nke ice relicts bụ cinquefoil ala opitoropi, na-etolite na Caucasus, na birch Dwarf, ẹnịm ke Central Europe.

Phylogenetic relicts (bi fossils)

Ndị a ugbu a na ẹdude umu nke taxa, fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam nwuchapu ọtụtụ nde afọ gara aga. ha na-echekwawo, dị ka a na-achị, n'ihi na mwepu nke ha ebe obibi nso si ọzọ na-aga n'ihu dị iche iche. Site phylogenetic relic osisi na-agụnye ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ginkgo, Metasequoia, horsetail, sciadopitys, Wollemi, Liquidambar, Welwitschia.

ginkgo

Relict osisi, bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie na Earth. Study of mmanu ndi mere onwe ụdị na-egosi na Ginkgo afọ bụ ihe na-erughị 200 nde afọ. Ha pụtara na mmalite nke oge Permian, na n'etiti Jurassic amụbawanye ugbua na dịghị ihe ọzọ 15 genera Ginkgo.

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba ) - naanị umu ẹnịm siburu. Ọ bụ a deciduous osisi nke gymnosperms. Ya elu bụ 40 mita. Osisi na-ji na-mepụtara mgbọrọgwụ usoro, eguzogide oghom ọnọdụ ihu igwe, karịsịa ike ifufe. E nwere ufodu na-eru afọ 2.5 puku. Afọ.

N'ihi na mgbakwunye na ginkgo gymnosperms ekesịpde pine na spruce, na mbụ na-ewere anyị osisi nakwa dịịrị pine, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị iche iche si ha. Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị, e nwere aro ndị nna nna bụ oge ochie Ginkgo nkpuru ferns.

Na mbụ hụrụ ndị a na-akpọ bi fossils pụrụ ịbụ naanị na China na Japan. Ma taa, osisi na-emezu nke ogige ntụrụndụ na botanical gardens na North America na subtropical mpaghara nke Europe.

Metasequoia

Ọ na-ezo aka a genus nke conifers fir ezinụlọ. Ugbu a, e nwere naanị a relic ẹnịm - gliptostrobovidnaya Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). Ebe nile osisi nke ụdị nọ ọhịa na Northern Hemisphere. Ha malitere ịnwụ n'ihi mgbanwe nke ihu igwe na mpi si sara mbara-leaved osisi. Ibi ụdị nke osisi a na-hụrụ na 1943. Tupu na, Metasequoia na-hụrụ naanị n'ụdị fossils na e weere nwuchapu.

Ka ụbọchị, ndị a relic osisi na-echekwawo na anụ naanị na anāchi achi nke Sichuan na Hubei (Central China) na-gụnyere ke International Red Book, n'ihi na ha bụ na verge nke ikpochapu.

N'ihi visual mkpesa Metasequoia toro gardens na ogige ntụrụndụ nke Central Asia, Ukraine, Crimea, ndị Caucasus, nakwa dị ka na Canada, na United States na na ọtụtụ mba Europe.

Liquidambar

Liquidambar (Liquidambar) bụ nke genus okooko osisi Aptingievye ezinụlọ tinyere ise umu. Nile data relic osisi nọ Tertiary oge. Kpatara ha ikpochapu na Europe bụ a oke ice n'oge Ice Age. Climate mgbanwe na mee ka ofufe nke umu si North America na Far East.

Taa Liquidambar ọsọ ke North America, Europe na Asia.

Bụ nnọọ nnukwu deciduous osisi na-eto ruo 25-40 mita, na palmate-lobed epupụta na obere okooko osisi, gbakọtara na globular inflorescence. The mkpụrụ nwere a Original Mix ọdịdị igbe, n'ime nke na e nwere a plurality nke osisi.

equisetum

Ndị a onwunwe - bụ osisi genus nke vaskụla ẹnịm ke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na ọnụ ugbu banyere 30 umu. All iche na ugbu a na-eto eto perennial grasses. The elu nwere ike na-eto eto ka ọtụtụ mita. The kasị ibu umu bụ ibu horsetail (Equisetum giganteum). Mgbe dayameta nke ogwe, ghara gafere 0.03 m, ọ nwere ike iru a kacha elu nke 12 mita. Na-eto eto ibu horsetail na Chile, Mexico, Peru na Cuba. E nwekwara-etolite ma na ike kacha ike ụdị - Schaffner horsetail (Equisetum schaffneri). Na a elu nke 2 m n'obosara bụ 10 cm.

Ị ga horsetails ji elu isi, nke a na-kọwara site ọnụnọ nke silica. Na osisi nakwa nwere a ike mepụtara mgbọrọgwụ na adventitious mgbọrọgwụ na ọnụ site na nke dị nnọọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị iche iche oghom ihe ike ọbụna na-adị ndụ a ajọ ọkụ ọgbụgba. Horsetails ọsọ na ọtụtụ kọntinent, ma e wezụga Australia na bụ naanị Antarctica.

Wollemi

Fir relict osisi nọchiri anya naanị ụdị - Wollemi magburu (Wollémia nóbilis). Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie osisi. Ọ na-eto azụ ke Jurassic oge. The osisi e chere na ọ na-nwuchapu maka a ogologo oge. Otú ọ dị, na 1994, Wollemi chọpụtara site na otu nke ndị ọrụ nke National Park nke Australia site David Noble, onye nsọpụrụ na aha ya bụ echiche (nobilis - "nējide onwe-"). Ọ hụrụ fọrọ nke nta ka a dum relict n'ọdọ. Age nke mbụ osisi hụrụ bụ ndị kwuru na ihe karịrị 1000 afọ.

Wollemi osisi bụ nnọọ elu. N'ihi ya, ọ pụrụ ịbụ ruo 35-40 mita. Akwụkwọ osisi na-kpamkpam yiri epupụta Agatis Jurassic, e nwere ihe nde 150 afọ gara aga ma na-ekekerede nna nna mmanu ndi mere onwe Wollemi si mbubreyo Jurassic oge.

sciadopitys

E nwere nanị otu ụdị - sciadopitys whorled (Sciadopitys verticillata). N'oge gara aga geological epochs, ụdị osisi bụ nnukwu agbasa. Nke a na-ìhè site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha foduru e chọpụtara na Cretaceous na Japan, Greenland, Norway, Yakutia, na Urals.

N'ebe a na eke ọnọdụ sciadopitys ọ na-etolite na na ụfọdụ àgwàetiti na Japan, ebe ọ nọ na-na a elu nke 500-1000 m n'elu oké osimiri larịị ke iru mmiri ugwu ọhịa, nakwa dị ka mkpọda, n'ime ime aṅụju na Asherim.

Sciadopitys - Evergreen osisi nwere a pyramidal okpueze. Ọ nwere ike na-eto eto ka a dị elu nke 40 m ogwe size na gbaa -. Iji 4 mita. Ji nnọọ ngwa ngwa ibu. The osisi a na-akpọkarị "nche anwụ pine" n'ihi na nke pụrụ iche Ọdịdị nke ahụ agịga. Ya esisịt agịga nwere nkezi ogologo ruo 0,15 m, ụgha whorls etolite na-agbasa iche n'akụkụ, dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na na nche anwụ spokes.

Sciadopitys mkpụrụ osisi ndị oval cones, chaa oge nke bụ afọ abụọ.

Ebe ọ bụ na sciadopitys nwere ike a ogologo oge na-eto eto na containers, ọ bụ mgbe eji ornamental hotikoisho dị ka ime ụlọ na griin haus osisi. Dị ka a park omenala ẹkenam ke Europe si na nke 19 na narị afọ.

Welwitschia

Welwitschia ịtụnanya (Welwítschia mirábilis) - naanị extant umu. Otu nke atọ so nke mbụ kama ọtụtụ klas gnetalians na-erukwa na taa. aha ya Welwitschia ịtụnanya na ọ natara n'ihi na nke pụrụ iche na anya.

The osisi anaghị amasị ihe ọ bụla na ahịhịa ma ọ bụ na a ohia ma ọ bụ a osisi. Ọ bụ a oké ogwe, 15-50 cm protruding n'elu ala elu. Ndị fọdụrụ akụkụ nke ọ na-ezo n'okpuru ala. Ma si otú relict epupụta iru 2 mita n'obosara na 6 mita n'ogologo. The afọ ụfọdụ ụdị n'elu 2000 afọ.

Welwitschia bụ a locus nke ndịda-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Africa, ya bụ nkume nkume Namib desert, emi odude tinyere Atlantic n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Osisi dị nnọọ obere na-ahụ ihe karịrị 100 mita si n'ikpere mmiri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ ndị dị otú ahụ a anya nwere ike merie mists na maka Welwitschia bụ isi iyi nke na-enye ndụ na mmiri.