Mgbagwoju ogige. Definition, nhazi ọkwa

Iji na-enye ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere kpọmkwem definition ihe a mgbagwoju ogige, oge a na onwu nwere na-adabere na nke nkiti ndokwa nke nchikota ozizi, nke e chọrọ site A. Werner dị ka n'oge dị 1893 The mgbagwoju nke a nke idu ke di iche iche na multiplicity nke kasị iche iche chemical ogige ada definition nke mgbagwoju.

Ke ofụri ofụri, mgbagwoju ogige - a chemical umi, a akụkụ nke bụ a usoro nke mgbagwoju ahụ. Ruo ugbu a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere dịghị aka ike definition nke "mgbagwoju ahụ". Na-eji ndị na-esonụ definition: a mgbagwoju urughuru ịghọta mgbagwoju urughuru nke bụ ike nke na onwe adị crystal na ngwọta. Ọ na-emi esịnede ndị ọzọ elementrị ahụ, nke n'aka nke nwere ikike idi onwe ha. Na-mgbe na-definition nke mgbagwoju ahụ ada mgbagwoju chemical ahụ na nke ndị niile na ọ bụ akụkụ nke njikọ na-guzobere na onyinye-acceptor edumbet.

A nkịtị mma, nke nwere ihe nile na mgbagwoju ogige bụ ọnụnọ n'ime ha Ọdịdị nke Central atọm, natara aha "complexing gị n'ụlọnga". Nyere di iche iche na ndị a ogige nwere na-ekwu banyere ụfọdụ izugbe atụmatụ nke a mmewere adịghị mkpa. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị complexing gị n'ụlọnga bụ atọm akpụ metal. Ma nke a abụghị a siri ike atụmatụ: e nwere mgbagwoju ogige nke Central atọm bụ atọm nke oxygen, sọlfọ, nitrogen, ayodiin na ndị ọzọ ọcha na-anọchite anya na-enwu gbaa nonmetals. Ekwu okwu nke na-elekọta complexing gị n'ụlọnga, a pụrụ ikwu na ihe ka ọtụtụ na ọ bụ mma, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị e ji amụ na-akpọ metal center, ma e nwere ihe atụ ebe Central atọm na nwere a na-adịghị mma-elekọta, na ọbụna efu.

N'ihi ya, dịpụrụ adịpụ atọm ma ọ bụ ìgwè dị iche iche họrọ atọm na na-emi odude gburugburu complexing gị n'ụlọnga, kwuru na dị ka ligands. Nke a nwere ike ahụ nke tupu abanye mgbagwoju compound bụ a molekul ka ihe atụ, mmiri (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (NH3), na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ anions OH-, PO43-, Cl-, hydrogen ma ọ bụ a cation H +.

Iji were mgbagwoju ogige dị ka mgbagwoju ụgwọ ụdị ekewapụ ndị a chemical ogige n'ime cationic okụre nke na-guzobere gburugburu a ghaghị ebubo ion na-anọpụ iche ụmụ irighiri. Anionic okụre ndị dịnụ, nke complexant bụ atọm na a mma ọxịdashọn ala. Dị Mfe na mgbagwoju anions bụ ligands. A iche iche otu nwere ike iche na-anọpụ iche okụre. Ha guzobere na-adị site na nchikota gburugburu na-anọpụ iche ụmụ irighiri atọm. Ọzọkwa a, Atiya nke mgbagwoju ogige gụnyere ogige kpụrụ nke imekotaotuugbo nchikota gburugburu a ghaghị ebubo ion na ụmụ irighiri na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ion.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-atụle na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oche nke onye a na-akpọ ligands na nchikota okirikiri, ọ kpebisiri monodentate, bidentantye na polydentate ligands.

Nkwadebe nke mgbagwoju ogige ụzọ dị iche iche na-enye ohere nhazi ọkwa site ọdịdị nke ligand. Otu n'ime ha dị iche ammines, nke ligands na-anọchi anya ya amonia irighiri, aqua okụre ebe ligands bụ mmiri, carbonyls - carbon monoxide omume dị ka a ligand. Ọzọkwa acidocomplexes adị nke a Central atọm gbara gburugburu acidic residues. Ọ bụrụ na ọ gbara hydroxide ion, na ogige kwuru na hydroxycomplexes.

Mgbagwoju ogige akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọdịdị. Tutu Amama-enweghị ka ha dị mkpa ọrụ nke ndu eme ntule. Ọzọkwa, na ojiji nke mgbagwoju ogige ke mmadụ ọrụ na-enye ohere mgbagwoju n'ichepụta arụmọrụ.

Gbasara nyocha onwu, mmịpụta nke ọla si ores, electroplating, mmepụta nke akọwa na varnishes - ọ bụ naanị a obere ndepụta ọrụ nke e ji mgbagwoju kemịkal.