Gravimetric usoro nke analysis: echiche, na ụdị na atụmatụ

Gịnị na-na-amata ihe dị iche atụmatụ nke usoro e ji a gravimetric analysis? Ka anyị tụlee ya ọdịdị na umu.

Specificity

Gravimetric usoro dabeere na analysis of iwu nche-kwa nke uka bekee na mgbe nile mejupụtara. Na nke a, ọ dabeere n'ezi uka n'ihe nke chọrọ akụrụngwa, nke na-enwetara ka a compound na a mara chemical mejupụtara. Gravimetric analysis usoro a na-ekewa atọ isi dị iche iche: esi, mmịpụta, ọdịda.

The usoro nke iche

Ọ dabeere na mmanụ nke analyte chọ chemical akụrụngwa na free ala na ya ụdi kpọmkwem erikpu. Dị ka ihe atụ, a gravimetric usoro ndị quantitative analysis na-enye ohere ikpebi ibu ọdịnaya nke ash na siri ike mmanụ ụgbọala. Maka mgbawa ntukwasi crucible, combusted sample nke mmanụ ụgbọala nime ya, na n'ihi ash e ntukwasi. Na arọ nke fọduru, na-eji usoro uka nta nke umi quantitative index na gbakọọ na ngwakọta.

distillation

Nke a na usoro nke analysis - na gravimetric ọdịnaya, dị ka gbakọọ agụnye zuru mwepụ nke akụrụngwa dị ka a gaseous compound na ụdi erikpu nke siri ike fọduru. Nke a na Usoro nwere ike ikpebi mmiri ọdịnaya nke dị iche iche ihe, gbakọọ quantitative ọdịnaya crystal mmiri nke crystallization. Ịrụ ndị dị otú ahụ a ngụkọta oge, ibido chọpụta uka nke na-atụle sample ihe onwunwe ka a họọrọ. Mgbe ahụ kpamkpam wepụrụ na ya kọwaa akụrụngwa. The dị iche n'etiti ibu tupu ihicha ma ọ bụ calcination na mgbe uka a detectable chemical moiety. Dị ka usoro nke uka nta a rụrụ quantitative calculations.

deposition Usoro

Gịnị bụ usoro a nke analysis? Gravimetric deposition usoro dabeere na quantitative ọdịda nke chọrọ ion ka a ufat soluble umi na a kpọmkwem chemical mejupụtara. Ihe ịkpali e ẹdụk, saa, a mịrị amị na mgbe calcined. Mgbe kpamkpam mmiri ya ntukwasi. Ịmara uka nke ịkpali, nwere ike gbakọọ quantitative ọdịnaya sample nke ụmụ irighiri ma ọ bụ ion nke chọrọ akụrụngwa.

Chọrọ maka ọdịda na gravimetric analysis

Ma - ihe a gravimetric analysis usoro? Basic arụmọrụ ke usoro ndị a na-deposition nke ọdịda usoro. The ziri ezi nwetara na analysis N'ihi bụ kpọmkwem dabere na chemical mejupụtara nke umi, na ịkpali Ọdịdị-adị ọcha. Ke adianade do, mgbawa ejikọrọ na achicha omume n'oge ihicha na calcining. Ọtụtụ mgbe a mgbanwe ke chemical mejupụtara nke dapụtara sludge n'oge ya calcining. Edebe a n'ụdị a na-akpọ chemical mejupụtara nke dapụtara ịkpali.

Basic ụzọ abuana gravimetric analysis nweta ezi ihe N'ihi. Ọ bụ ya mere na ike ndọda na udi nke edebe sedimenti aghaghị iru ihe ụfọdụ a chọrọ.

1. Ọ ga-enwe a kacha nta solubility, na kwesịrị - abụ unyi anaghị agbasa chemical compound.
2. Ọ ga na-etolite nnukwu kristal. Na nke a na-enweghị nsogbu na filtration usoro, n'ihi na ha adịghị clog pores. Na nnukwu kristal nke obere elu, ha na-adsorbed na nke kacha nta na-agba nke na ẹdude solution, ọ dị mfe na-asa. Amorphous ọdịda ígwè hydroxide (3) ọcha adsorbed enweghị nsogbu, ha bụ ndị siri na-asa site na nke ikpeazụ, nzacha a compound bụ ngwa ngwa.
3. Kpamkpam na a obere oge ruo n'ụdị ike ndọda.

Ndị a chọrọ maka n'ụdị ndọda

Ka anyị nyochaa gravimetric usoro nke analysis. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro - na ọ dị mkpa n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Gravimetric ụdị ga-egosipụta ya site na chemical usoro eji gbakọọ ọdịnaya nke kpọmkwem mmiri nke sample. The calcined ịkpali n'oge obi jụrụ na-erikpu usoro ghara banye mmiri vepo si ikuku, ma na-agbake oxidized. Ọ bụrụ na sludge nwere yiri onye ahụ dị, ọ dị mgbe e converted n'ime a anụ ụdị, iji pụrụ iche ọgwụ. Ka ihe atụ, gbakọọ uka nta nke calcium carbonate na ihe, mmetụta gravimetric calcium oxide ike nke na-adọrọ carbon dioxide na mmiri, na-ghọrọ ka calcium sulfate. Iji a calcined ịkpali-emeso ya na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, idebe okpomọkụ ọchịchị (500 ° C).

Arịa maka nnyocha

Gịnị dị mkpa ka ị na-ebu ndị dị otú ahụ a na usoro nke analysis? Gravimetric n'onwe-agụnye iji ihe pụrụ iche chemical arịa nnukwu akụkụ. Ebe a na-eji mkpa-walled iko nke dị iche iche nha, foneelu, iko mkpara, hour iko, poselin crucibles, iko igbe. Gravimetric na titrimetric analysis ụzọ na-agụnye ojiji nke naanị ọcha containers zere ihe ọ bụla na njehie na calculations. Akọrọ tụrụ ma ọ bụ tụlee-egosi na ọnụnọ na iko elu nke abụba mmiri. Ọdịda ga-rube a oyi akwa, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya full nyefe ha iyo. Method nke gravimetric usoro na-agụnye ịkpachara anya dishwashing detergents. Iji hichaa poselin crucibles eji ọkụ itughari hydrochloric acid, mgbe a ngwakọta nke chromic ngwọta. Ọ bụ ihe amamihe na-amalite ọrụ amụnyewo a dị ọcha akpa.

Equipment maka nchoputa

Gịnị gosiri ọdịiche ndị gravimetric usoro nke analysis? Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro - na quantitative mkpebi siri ike nke mmiri na ihe onwunwe. Ígwè na-ga-achọrọ maka ndị dị otú ahụ nnyocha, yiri ihe na-eji na qualitative analysis. Irè akụkụ chọrọ mmiri baths, poselin triangles, Ighe, crucible nkpa nile, muffle ite-ọku uku, gas burners. N'ihi calcination na gas burners poselin crucibles triangles na-eji, mere nke poselin akpa kụrụ na a metal mkpụrụ. Họrọ a triangle a size na crucible sikwa na a atọ n'ịdị elu. Crucibles ẹkenam n'ime ọkụ eji ogologo forceps enwe a ewepụghị, upwardly curved nsọtụ. Ha na-ekwesịghị mikpuru na sludge. Tupu ngwa nke na nsọtụ forceps ọcha, calcined na a gas burner ma ọ bụ ọkụ. Desiccators mee ka obi jụrụ ndị calcined ma ọ bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ bekee ka ụlọ okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ a oké-walled iko arịa nke a na-emechi ala-cover. The ala nke desiccator jupụtara a hygroscopic umi:

• iberibe calcium oxide;
• site oxide (5);
• itinye na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.

Na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na-amịkọrọ mmiri. -Arụ ọrụ na a desiccator, ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na akụkụ ya n'ala-bụ a oyi akwa nke griiz.

Iwu maka nlele nnwale

Weere nhazi ọkwa gravimetric analysis ụzọ na-agụnye na-arụ ọrụ bekee. Central tụlee otú ahụ a sample, nke nwere a obere ego nke analyte ihe onwunwe na-enwe chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara kpọmkwem isi ogbe. The correctness nke nlele na-emetụta ndị ziri ezi nke echichi nke chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ e ji mara na chemical mejupụtara nke ihe a na-nyochaa. Ahọrọ ihe nkezi sample na oke-elekọta, ma a elu puru nke njehie, etịbe ule results. Ọ ga-echeta na nnukwu chunks nke chemical mejupụtara nwere ike iche ihe onwunwe ájá. Ya mere e nwere atọ nhọrọ:

• isi sample - dị mkpa n'ihi na ndị mbụ na-adọ nke nnwale;
• paspọtụ ma ọ bụ ime nnyocha sample - nwetara site na mbenata mbụ arọ nke sample na nke mkpa maka chemical na physico-n'ibu analysis;
• gbasara nyocha --e si laabu sample maka chemical analysis.

E nwere a na ngalaba dị ka gbasara nyocha onwu. Gravimetric analysis usoro bụ otu ụzọ nke guzosie ike quantitative mejupụtara okwu. Iji gbochie mgbanwe iru mmiri ma ọ bụ chemical mejupụtara nke okwu, ihe maka gravimetric analysis na-echekwara na a erikpu karama, tightly akara lids. Part nke sample chọrọ maka kpọmkwem analysis na akụkụ-anọgide na idobere.

Nkwadebe nke sample maka nnyocha

Eweli atụle ala uka analyte sample gbasara nyocha sample nke na-ntukwasi maka chemical analysis. Ọrụ dị mkpa quantifying uru nke sample ejije. The ukwuu ego nke ule sample ẹka maka gravimetric analysis, na ihe ezi n'ihi nwetara. Ma nke a sikwuoro ndị filtration usoro n'ihi ịkpali, calcining ya, ịsa. N'ihi nke a, budata ogologo oge nke analysis. Na obere sample igwe ziri ezi nke mkpebi siri ike na-budata belata. Ịrụ erikpu batches nke solids, iji obere nche iko. Obodo, hygroscopic umi ka ntukwasi na a mechiri emechi erikpu karama.

deposition ọnọdụ

N'ihi na ìhè nke ihe onwunwe gaara mma ngosi bịara. Gravimetric analysis usoro na a ogbo agụnye quantitative nyefe nke chọrọ akụrụngwa na a akpan akpan chemical. Ịmara uka nke ịkpali, ọ bụ omume na-gbakọọ na pasent nke akụrụngwa na-kpebisiri ike. Izu ezu nke ọdịda bụ kpọmkwem dabere na izi ezi nke analysis. N'etiti ihe ruru ka nke ọ bụghị ihe niile nke gbakọrọ akụrụngwa ga ịkpali, aha nwere ike ịbụ na-ezughị ezu ọdịda. Ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke agaghị ekwe omume iji nweta zuru ọdịda, nwere ike na-ebelata ka kacha nta na o kwere omume losses. N'ihi na analysis nke ahọrọ precipitator - fọrọ nke nta unyi anaghị agbasa na ịkpali. Ọ na-e ke ngafe, iji zere ndị a chemical Jeremaya mere. E nwere ụfọdụ ọnọdụ a ga-zutere iji nweta crystalline ịkpali:

• ọdịda si itughari ngwọta nke na-adịghị ike ngwọta rụrụ precipitator;
• Kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ngwọta edebe ọkụ precipitators.

N'ihi na nnwale, họrọ elu-edu reagent ion ka kpebisiri. Ọ bụ ike ịhọrọ a akpan akpan precipitant kpebisiri ike maka onye ọ bụla ion. Na nke a, masking a rụrụ ndị ahụ nke pụrụ igbochi full deposition ma ọ bụ wepu ha si sample ngwọta ịrụ quantitative analysis.

Fọrọ nke nta-agaghị ekwe omume chọta kpọmkwem precipitators niile kọwaa ion. Mgbe ahụ, ọ dị mkpa itinye masking ma ọ bụ ion igbochi deposition, ma ọ bụ na-ekewa ha si ngwọta tupu ọdịda. Ịmara banyere atụmatụ nke crystal ọdịda, ọ bụ omume na-eji ọnọdụ ndị na-amara guzobe nnukwu kristal.

1. Na-precipitated si diluted na-ekpo ọkụ ngwọta precipitant, iwere na a obere ịta. Mgbe ewe iwe, na solubility nke obere kristal na-ụba, ya mere, na-amụba ịta nke precipitant na ion na ngwọta. N'ihi na nke a onu, nnukwu kristal kpụrụ na-ekweghị igbari mgbe ewe iwe.
2. Wụsara precipitator mata bekee na a ala ọnụego. Eji maka agwakọta iko mkpanaka, nke gaghị emetụ na ala mgbidi na nozulu. Na-akpali akpali, na crystal ibu a kpaliri dị ka belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke saịtị nke kristal.
3. Achicha eguzo ruo ọtụtụ awa. The amorphous precipitates debe n'okpuru pụrụ iche ọnọdụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha na-ewekarị adsorption usoro dị iche iche adịghị, na ọdịdị nke colloidal ngwọta.

Nsogbu gravimetric analysis

Izi ezi nke quantitative mgbawa emetụta sedimenti àgwà. Na ya ofufe n'ihe ziri ezi na-budata belata, njehie na-abawanye. Ihe kpatara nke mmetọ bụ ngalaba-ọdịda, na bụ ọdịda nke mba ọzọ bekee. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị co-ọdịda:

• n'elu adsorption;
• Occlusion.

Na-elele izu ezu nke ọdịda orùrù ion tinye a ole na ole tụlee nke reagent ka a ngwọta na-kpụrụ n'elu sedimenti. Na zuru orùrù nke ion deposition ngwọta ga-anọgide doro anya.

ọgwụgwụ

Qualitative analysis na-agụnye a quantitative mkpebi siri ike nke inorganic ion na ihe onwunwe. The isi ihe na-atụle qualitative analysis nke ahọrọ sample nchọpụta na njirimara nke kpọmkwem mmiri, ma ọ bụ ion nke chemical ọcha, a kpọmkwem umi ma ọ bụ ọtọ otu. Fractional usoro nke analysis maka ọmụmụ ndị dị mfe mixtures, mgbe na-achọ a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri. N'ihi na ndị dị otú ahụ gravimetric analysis na-achọ iche iche n'omume na-adịghị mkpa ego nke qualitative Jeremaya mere. Iji n'ụzọ zuru ezu kọwaa ule umi ke inorganic mmiri, mbụ ngwakọta ibido iche n'ime ndị "gbasara nyocha otu", mgbe ahụ, na-enyemaka nke kpọmkwem Jeremaya mere na-emeghe ọ bụla chọrọ ion. Ịhazi qualitative analysis na-enye ohere ka iwelie ntụkwasị obi nke gbasara nyocha data. Tupu ha amalite a quantitative analysis, ọ dị mkpa ka zutere echiche nke àgwà a ule sample, họrọ otu ezigbo usoro.