Malus iwu, refraction nke enwupụta ìhè polarizers

1809 emeela ka a mgbanwe na nkà mmụta sayensị ụwa ọha mmadụ. An engineer si French site E. Malus chọpụtara a ụzọ ọhụrụ ìhè polarization. Site nwere, ọ na mberede dọọrọ uche gaa n'eziokwu na ọ bụrụ na crystal na-agba gburugburu gburugburu doo gosipụtara site na iko, na ìhè siri ike oge ma na-abawanye na ọnụ. Ma niile ìhè adịghị pụọ, ma naanị Njọ ma ọ bụ na-ebelata, ma naanị na ụfọdụ ọnọdụ a crystal. Nkuchi a kpọrọ "iwu nke Malus," ọ na-e ghọtara na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Site physics anyị maara na ìhè na-nwere ike ghọrọ ka ụgbọelu-ekewasị doo ya. Nke a na-adị mgbe eji pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ, nke nwere ike gafee naanị a ụfọdụ direction fluctuations. Otu ihe atụ nke a nwere ike dị yiri ụgbọelu nke oscillation, ìhè transmissive na-ewekarị perpendicularly na-egbu oge ọdịiche. Dị ka polarizer eji anisotropic media na-akwanyere vibration vector, dị ka kristal. The kasị ama nke eke si malite bụ tourmaline. Ọ bụ ike iji banye ìhè ụzarị na ya electric vector perpendicular na visual axis, nke nwekwara ndị a dị ka a mmechi Malus iwu. Ma ìhè nke ọ bụ ihe yiri, fọrọ nke nta na-etinye obi gị dum. Nke a na-akọwa na eke ìhè na-aga site na crystal efere etinye obi gị dum na ọkara na linearly ekewasị na ya electric vector yiri ndokwa tourmaline visual axis.

More adaba aka crystal nwere kpọmkwem otu Njirimara dị ka a polaroid. Ọ mejupụtara artificially kwadebere colloidal fim, nke dị mkpa iji nweta ekewasị ìhè. Dị ka tourmaline, ọrụ ụkpụrụ dabeere a otu mgbawa, nke na-amịkọrọ ìhè perpendicular na vibration direction. Na a onu na-adịghị owụt ke iwu nke Malus. Tụlee ihe atụ ọzọ.

Ma mgbe polarization nke ìhè ụzarị etịbe mgbe refraction na echiche na interface na-isotropic dielectric - ọ bụ iwu nke Malus. Ọ gbaziri a ole na ole ahụ phenomena metụtara na eletriki vibrations nke ìhè.

Ma iwu nke Malus, a ọgwụgwụ nke na-chepụtara n'elu, adịghị na-ekwu na ndị dị otú ahụ a na usoro nke polarization nke isi na naanị. E nwere ndị ọzọ.

Ọ bụla na ngwaọrụ na-eji maka pola enwupụta ìhè a na-akpọ a polarizer. Ma, ọ na-amụ na nyochaworo na iji analyzer.

Dị ka ihe atụ, e nwere abụọ kristal, nke na-ndokwa otu n'azụ ọzọ nke mere na anyụike na-etolite n'akuku. The mbụ enweteghi ìhè onye electric vector na-eduzi ihe yiri ya axis. The akụrụngwa nke doo osisi ike ga-egbu oge abụọ crystal. Na mgbe abụọ polaroid ọ ga-abụ otu ogologo nke electric Vektọ. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, ruru nke ndị a intensities bụ proportional na square nke njupụta.

Oputara na ìhè-agafe analyzer, site ike ya bụ ike nke na doo, en ụzọ site na polarizer na uba site na cosine nke n'akuku n'etiti ha na square. Nke a ruru bụ a onu na-akọwa iwu Malus.

Nke a nwere ike na-agụnye na abụọ refraction nke ìhè ụzarị, nke bụ isi isi onwunwe mgbe agafe kristal. Nke a na-kọwara site atụmatụ na ndị dị ugbu a na gburugburu ebe obibi anizatropa na Mgbasa nke ìhè. Ka ihe atụ, eziga a crystal spar warara ìhè doo, ọ gabiga ya, a ga-abụọ dị iche iche ibé na-yiri ka onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a ga-eme ihe ọ bụla ikpe, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ìhè bụ ihe mere na crystal na nkịtị ọnọdụ. Otu n'ime ha a na-akpọ nkịtị na bụ n'ihu nke bụ isi doo, na nke abụọ - ọhụrụ n'ihi na o nwere a onwunwe ndiiche.