Native Russian okwu: ihe atụ. Gharazie ịba uru Russian okwu

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-atụle otú ahụ formations asụsụ dị ka gharazie ịba uru na nwa afọ Russian okwu. On si malite na nwa afọ Russian okwu abụghị edo. Ọ mejupụtara ọtụtụ n'ígwé, nke dị iche na oge nke ha na omume.

Indoevropeizmy

Ndị kasị ochie nke oge ochie Russian indoevropeizmy bụ, ya bụ, okwu na-ebe n'ime anyị asụsụ site n'oge Indo-European n'otu. N'okpuru echiche nke na-eme nnyocha, e nwere Indo-European mmepeanya na 5-4 ọtụtụ narị afọ BC, n'ime nke n'otu n'ebo dị iche iche bi a pụtara nnukwu ebe. Dị ka nnyocha ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nke a na mpaghara agbatị si Yenisei River na Volga River. Ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na ọ bụ a South Russian ma ọ bụ Balkan-Danube orunótu. Ndị dị otú ahụ a asụsụ obodo dị ka Indo-European, bụ mmalite nke European asụsụ, nakwa dị ka ụfọdụ Asian (dị ka Sanskrit, Bengali).

Okwu, na-aga azụ ka proto-asụsụ, dabeere na a obodo na-anọchi anya ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi, minerals na ọla, na ụdị nke management, ngwaọrụ, ụdị nke kinship na ndị ọzọ - bụ nwa afọ Russian okwu. Ihe atụ: salmon, akpu, wolf, ọgazị, ọla kọpa, atụrụ, mmanụ aṅụ, na nke ọla, nwa, nne, abalị, nwa-nwayi, snow, magnifier, ọhụrụ, mmiri, na ndị ọzọ na kpachie.

Common Slavonic okwu

The ọzọ oyi akwa nke nwa afọ Russian okwu na-agụnye Common Slavonic, nke e ketara n'aka a nkịtị Slavic (ie Proto-Slavic) Russian asụsụ. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi bụghị naanị anyị asụsụ, ma n'ihi na ndị ọzọ nile na Slavic. Nke a ire-isi dịrị prehistoric ugboro na ókèala nke Vistula, na Bug na Dnieper. Ebe ndị a na-ebi n'oge ochie ebo nile nke ndị Slav. Common Slavic asụsụ na 6-7 ọtụtụ narị afọ BC dara. N'ihi ya na-emeghe ụzọ maka mmepe nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Slavic asụsụ, nke bụ nke ochie Russian. Ọ dị mfe na-eguzo na Common Slavonic okwu na ha, ha nkịtị si doro anya taa. N'ihi na ndị nkịtị Slavic asụsụ adahade na Russian. Primordially Russian Common Slavonic okwu na-agụnye dị ka akụkụ.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-nouns. Mbụ niile, ọ bụ kpọmkwem aha na-ala nna Russian okwu. Ihe atụ: akpịrị, isi, obi, ajị agba, ubi, nkwụ, oké ọhịa, ugwu, maple, birch, na ehi, na oke-ehi, hama, mma, fọk, onye agbata obi, a Seine, a ohu, a guest, a enyi, a Spinner, a na-azụ atụrụ, a ọkpụite.

E nwere nkịtị, kama ha bụ ọtụtụ nta. Ndị a bụ: uche, okwukwe, mmehie, ikpe ọmụma, ebube, obi ụtọ, echiche, were ezigbo iwe.

Otu n'ime ndị ọzọ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke okwu na-anọchi anya na general Slavic okwu na ngwaa: ịnụ ihe, ịhụ, na ịgha ụgha, na-eto eto. Adjectives: ochie,-eto eto, aghụghọ, mara ihe. Numerals: atọ, abụọ, otu. Nnọchiaha: i, anyị, ị. Pronominal adverbs: ebe e nwere. Ụfọdụ ọrụ okwu: on, ee, na, dị ka n'elu, na ndị ọzọ na nwa afọ Russian okwu. Ihe Nlereanya nwere ike gara n'ihu.

Common Slavic okwu bụ ugbu a banyere puku okwu abụọ, ma nke a bụ nnọọ obere okwu - isi Russian dictionary. Ọ na-agụnye ndị akacha eji, stylistically anọpụ iche okwu na-eji ma na dere na na-ekwu okwu.

Nwere isi iyi nke Proto-Slavic asụsụ Slavic ya variants, nke nwere dị iche iche lexical, okwu na ụda olu atụmatụ na segregated n'ime ndị na-esonụ atọ iche iche: n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda.

Eastern Slavic okwu

The atọ oyi akwa, nke dị na Russian asụsụ-emekwa ka okwu nke Old Russian (Eastern Slavic) asụsụ. Nke a bụ na-ama a gasịrị oge, nke na-emetụta mbido nke oge ochie Russian okwu. Nke a okwu na-mepụtara na ndabere nke Eastern Slavic asụsụ, otu n'ime atọ dị iche iche, nke na-achọkwa Old Slavic. ya oge nke omume - 7-9 na narị afọ AD. Site bi na Eastern Europe azụ agbụrụ ná njikọ aka Ukrainian, Russian na Belarusian iche iche. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị ọzọ nke oge a anyị asụsụ okwu na-mara na ndị ọzọ na abụọ: na Belarusian na Ukrainian, ma na-ejighị na asụsụ nke ndịda nakwa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Slav.

Ị nwere ike ịhọrọ ndị na-esonụ bụ nke East Slavic asụsụ. Dị ka na-eji okwu ndị na asụsụ site nnọọ ná mmalite, ọ bụghị e weere, ọ bụkwa a na nwa afọ Russian okwu. ihe atụ:

- aha nke ụmụ nnụnụ, na ụmụ anụmanụ, osa, nkịta, ọbọgwụ, kwara ákwá, bullfinch;

- aha nke ngwaọrụ: agụba, anyu-ike;

- aha nke ihe n'ụlọ: ịwụ, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ruble, na akpati ozu;

- aha ndị mmadụ ọrụ: esi nri, ọkwá nkà, Miller, cobbler;

- aha iche iche: mmezi, obodo, na ndị ọzọ lexical-ọmụmụ gbasara asụsụ dị iche iche.

N'ezie Russian okwu

Ọzọ, a anọ oyi akwa, nke nwere ike natara - bụ n'ezie Russian okwu, nke e guzobere mgbe narị afọ nke 14, ie oge nke onwe ha mmepe nke Belarusian, Ukrainian na Russian asụsụ. Ha na-ama na-egosi ha kachasị yitebe maka okwu ahụ bụ nke ụfọdụ ihe ma ọ bụ phenomena.

N'ezie Russian okwu nwere ike oké na ndabere nke emepụta: a mpempe akwụkwọ, a mụrụ, a na obodo, a cloakroom, na ndị ọzọ na nnyonye anya.

Ọ ga-kwuru na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ndị dị otú a asụsụ nwekwara ike ịbụ a okwu na a dịgasị iche iche nke ndị na-abụghị nwa afọ mgbọrọgwụ na esiwo nweta na weghaara Russian prefixes, suffixes (na-abụghị otu, otu, onye na-achị, ihe ike, ketulu, iko), nakwa dị ka na-enwe a mgbagwoju isi (locomotive , redio unit). Ha na-agụnye ọtụtụ dị iche iche slozhnosokraschennyh okwu, nke narị afọ nke 20 sonyeere anyị asụsụ: mgbidi akwụkwọ akụkọ, LPH, ute na ndị ọzọ.

Ugbu a ndị obodo Russian okwu na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto na ọhụrụ inclusions, nke na-kere na-enyemaka nke okwu-ụlọ akụ nke anyị asụsụ dị ka a n'ihi nke dị iche iche na usoro nke okwu guzobere.

Gharazie ịba uru Russian okwu

Ọ bụghị ifịk ifịk na-eji okwu na-adịghị ozugbo akwụsị ya. Ha ghọtara ruo oge ụfọdụ na-ekwu okwu ya, ka anyị mara ọrụ nke akụkọ ifo. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu na omume kwa ụbọchị mkpa ha agaghịkwa nwetara. Okwu ndị a na-emekwa ka a n'ezinụlọ idobere nke okwu na ndị dị iche iche Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na pụrụ iche akara "gharazie ịba uru.".

Usoro archaization okwu

A archaization usoro wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ. N'etiti gharazie ịba uru n'okwu ya nke mere na e nwere ndị nwere ịrịba "ahụmahụ" (dị ka nke a, ya mere, acha uhie uhie, reche, vorog, nwa). Ndị ọzọ na-na-arụsi ọrụ ike okwu nke ndị mejupụtara na-ewepụtara na eziokwu na ha bụ ndị nke Old Russian oge nke ya development. Mgbe ụfọdụ, okwu aghọ gharazie ịba uru na a dịtụ mkpirikpi oge, nke na-apụta na efep ke ọhụrụ oge. Ka ihe atụ, "Shkraba" pụtara na 20s "onye nkụzi". Ọ bụla okwu ndị dị ka "Ọrụ", "NKVD" gharazie ịba uru ngwa ngwa. Adịghị mgbe niile nwere ndị dị otú ahụ a nomination kwekọrọ ekwekọ kpọọ na ọkọwa okwu dị ka archaism usoro nwere ike ọfiọk bụrụgodị na ọ bụghị nnọọ ezu.

Akpata archaism

E nwere dị iche iche mere archaization okwu. Ha pụrụ inweta extralinguistic (extralinguistic) agwa, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị metụtara ịjụ nke eji okwu ụfọdụ na-elekọta mmadụ mgbanwe. Ma, ọ pụkwara ịbụ adabere na ya, na asụsụ nile. Adverbs "n'aka nri", "oshuyu" (nri, n'aka ekpe), n'ihi na ihe atụ, site na-arụsi ọrụ ike okwu okụrede n'ihi na eziokwu na-amụba nke nouns ( "ekpe ogwe aka" - "Shuitsev" na "n'aka nri" - "n'aka nri") arhaizovalis. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, ọ na-egwuri a dị oké mkpa ọrụ systemic mmekọrịta nke dị iche iche lexical nkeji. Ka ihe atụ, jiri okwu ekpe "Shuitsev", na N'ihi rekasịrị n'otu siri ike nghọta njikọ dị iche iche okwu ndị e jikọrọ 'data mere mgbọrọgwụ. "Shulga" ka ihe atụ, na asụsụ e nọgidere na pụtara "-eme aka ekpe" na nọgidere dị ka aha, nke ụbọchị laghachi na aha otutu. Ya mere, ugbu a okwu na-eji. Banyere Russian asụsụ, na Filiks n'ime ya, ị nwere ike ịgwa a ogologo oge. All nke a bụ nnọọ akpali. Anyị na-na-eji nkenke oge, na otu ihe atụ, ga na-akọwa-ahụkarị usoro.

Osụhọ anatomical esonụ na nwunye: oshuyu-n'aka nri, aka nri-Shuitsev; Agakọta njikọ (ekpe oshuyu). Ma okwu "n'aka nri" ruo oge ụfọdụ, n'agbanyeghị archaization usoro mmekọahụ metụtara ya, a na-enwe na anyị asụsụ. Ihe atụ, na Pushkin si oge e ji mee ihe na uri "elu style," okwu. Banyere Russian asụsụ nwere ike kwuru na a mgbe niile evolving, nke mere na okwu na-ochie - a eke usoro. Okwu "oshuyu" na-anọgide na dị ka ihe nkuzi mgbamejije nke kenchara, iji ya naanị na a satirical onodu, na ọ bụ ike n'oge ahụ.

The mejupụtara nke ochie okwu

Ochie okwu heterogeneous na malite. Ya mejupụtara agụnye mbụ Russian okwu (ihe atụ: Semo, aforesaid, na, lzya) na staroslavyanizmy (n'úkwù, nsusu ọnụ, ezigbo), na-agbaziri si dị iche iche na-asụ asụsụ ( "politesse" - "politeness", "njem" - "Journey" "abshid" - "ezumike nká").

The revival nke gharazie ịba uru okwu

E nwekwara mgbe mgbe gharazie ịba uru Russian okwu ejikere ịlọ ụwa, azụ n'ime-arụsi ọrụ ike idobere nke okwu. Ka ihe atụ, na Russian asụsụ taa na-eji ndị na-esonụ nouns: Minister, onyeisi, ojii, agha, na kenchara mgbe October. Ha nyere ụzọ ọzọ: ndị mmadụ commissar, nkewa ọchịagha, Red Army agha. Site n'ezinụlọ okwu na 20s ọ natara ihe atụ, okwu "onye ndú", ọbụna oge nke Pushkin aghọta ka kenchara na na Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke oge na-eduga ná kwekọrọ ekwekọ awụba n'oké osimiri. Taa arhaizuetsya ọzọ. Hue na nso nso efu kenchara okwu dị ka Duma, emega ahụ, ngalaba Lyceum. Ha e inyocha mgbe 1917 dị ka historicism.

historicism

Laghachi ifịk ọkọnọ nke okwu ụfọdụ bụ omume naanị na ọnọdụ pụrụ iche. Ọ bụ mgbe ruru ka a dịgasị iche iche nke mmezi-asụsụ ihe. Ọ bụrụ na archaization tụziri site iwu nke asụsụ na gosiri na ndị lexical usoro njikọ, natara okwu na-akpọ historicism.

Otu n'ime ha bụ aha echiche, phenomena na akpọkwa na okụrede: chainmail, oprichnik, uwe ojii, gendarme, a nduzi, a hussar, a Bolshevik, schoolgirl, requisitioning, NEP, n'etiti nwoke onye oru ugbo, na kulak, na VKP (b) na ndị ọzọ. Historicism, dị ka a na-achị, bụ n'ihi nke mmezi-asụsụ ihe: mmepe nke mmepụta, na-elekọta mmadụ na mgbanwe, imelite ihe n'ụlọ, na ngwá agha, wdg

Taa ke akwụkwọ omume na-agụnye isiokwu "gharazie ịba uru na nwa afọ Russian okwu" (mezuwo 6). Onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịma dịkarịa ala a dị nta banyere asụsụ ala nna, ya mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme. Isiokwu anyị na e dere iji mụbaa na-agụ akwụkwọ ihe ọmụma nke dị iche iche n'ígwé nke okwu, nke oké Russian okwu.