Onyinye-acceptor nkekọ: Ihe Nlereanya nke bekee

Onyinye-acceptor nkekọ, ma ọ bụ ichikota nkekọ - a ụdị covalent nkekọ. Chọpụta pụrụ iche atụmatụ a ụdị nkwurịta okwu, anyị na-enye ihe atụ na-egosi ya guzobere.

covalent nkekọ

Iji malite, họrọ ahụ pụrụ iche na atụmatụ nke kasị nke covalent chemical nkekọ.

O nwere ike ịbụ pola na-abụghị pola, dabere na ọnọdụ nke elektrọn ụzọ n'etiti atọm. Ọ bụrụ na e a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu mgbanwe nke elektrọn njupụta na ntụziaka nke onye nke atọm emee pola covalent chemical nkekọ. A yiri onu bụ omume na e guzobere nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị na-abụghị ọla, na-enwe dị iche iche electronegativity. Mgbe a na-akpọlite, a ịrịba mgbanwe nke elektrọn ụzọ na ntụziaka nke atọm na a elu index nke eo. Mgbe guzobere nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị na-abụghị ọla-enwe otu uru nke electronegativity bụghị hụrụ mgbanwe ụzọ electrons, ụdị njikọta a na-akpọ a nonpolar.

Ihe Nlereanya bụ oxygen, hydrogen, ozone na site. Polar nkekọ bụ hydrochloric acid, mmiri, amonia.

E nwere a pụrụ iche okwu, ekele nke a pụrụ ji ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elektrọn ụzọ abụọ na-guzobere n'agbata atọm.

Nyere na nke e guzobere a njikọ chọrọ abụọ electrons ga-atọ nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị nitrogen atọm, i.e. na multiplicity kwekọrọ na atọ. Onyinye-acceptor nkekọ - bụ a pụrụ iche ikpe nke pola covalent nkekọ, ma ọ na-ẹkekerede intermolecular mmekọrịta nke bekee.

Atụmatụ nke usoro

Na-etolite a ot covalent nkekọ zuru ezu na mmekọrịta n'etiti abụọ electrons (ngụkọta ụzọ abụọ). Onyinye-acceptor nkekọ kpụrụ chemical site a ụzọ electrons site n'otu akụkụ (site na a na-enye onyinye), efu (free) on orbital nke ọzọ atọm (acceptor). Ọ bụrụ na covalent pola (na-abụghị pola) na nkwurịta okwu na-enye onyinye-acceptor mmekọrịta nke electrons emecha ghọọ nkịtị.

Education ammonium cation

Dị ka ọ na-kpụrụ nke onyinye-acceptor nkekọ? Ihe Nlereanya nke bekee nyere na N'ezie nke akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị onwu mmachi ammonium cation. Ka anyị tụlee ya ọzọ ọzụzụ.

Nitrogen, nke amonia molekul bụ nke ise otu (isi subgroup) nke oge table. On ya elu ume larịị ise electrons. Na guzobe amonia ụmụ irighiri na covalent linkage pola nitrogen emefu atọ electrons, otú ahụ elektrọn ụzọ, nke na-adịghị otú ahụ a usoro, na-anọgide na ejibeghi.

Ọ bụ na ọ bụ ndị nyere ya nri na-egosipụta Njirimara nke na-enye onyinye mgbe eru nso nke amonia ụmụ irighiri na dipoles mmiri. Na mmiri na a hydrogen cation nwere onwe ha elektrọn, n'ihi ya, ọ na-egosipụta Njirimara acceptor.

N'oge mgbe amonia ụmụ irighiri na-nso iji na hydrogen protons site na mmiri, nitrogen ígwé ojii esịnede abụọ electrons odomo na mma hydrogen cation, ọ na-aghọ nkịtị ka ha. N'ihi bụ guzobe tetravalent njikọ n'etiti nitrogen na hydrogen, ọ na-chere onyinye-acceptor usoro. Nke a bụ ihe a na-akpọ a classic atụ nke guzobere a nkekọ.

Education oxonium cation

Na n'ụlọ akwụkwọ (isi larịị) na-adịghị na-ewere oxonium cations (hydronium), dị ka Protolytic ozizi ngwọta na-amụ naanị na profaịlụ larịị. Ebe ọ bụ na-eji onyinye-acceptor nkekọ, ihe atụ nke ya guzobere a nso anya.

Dị ka na-enye onyinye a ikpe ga-eme ihe dị ka a mmiri molekul, ma kpawa Njirimara nke a proton acceptor. E lee ya anya onyinye-acceptor usoro - ọ na-akpọ isi onwu nke mgbagwoju ogige, na Ya mere kwesịrị nlebara anya pụrụ iche. Ọ na-akọwa nke kachasi mkpa ozizi electrolytic disintegration asịd, salts, bases, mgbe etisasịwo mmiri maka cations na anions.

Mgbe ndị dị otú ahụ ngafe emee ya ruru permeation agbụ electrons na elu shei nke linkable atọm. N'ihi ya na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons na elu shells otu.

The abụọ algọridim nkekọ guzobere

E nwere ihe ọzọ usoro site nke kpụrụ a onyinye-acceptor nkekọ. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ na mmekọrịta dị ọtụtụ, akpan akpan guzobe metal fluorides. E were nke a ụzọ electrons si onye nke omume atọm. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, otu atọm na-agbakwụnye ruo a karịa ego nke ha akpụkpọ, ma n'ihi na-akụkụ, ọ bụghị ihe niile na asatọ electrons, naanị otu akụkụ nke ha. Ndị electrons na-adịghị arụ, a na-akpọ free, na enyemaka nke ndị ọzọ na ike a na-enye onyinye-acceptor nkekọ. Ihe Nlereanya nke ndị dị otú ahụ variants onyinye-acceptor nkekọ guzobere iko fluorides nke alkali na alkaline ụwa ọla. Ka ihe atụ, n'otu aka ahụ, na-akwadebe sodium Fluoride, potassium, calcium.

Gịnị ọzọ dị iche iche na-enye onyinye-acceptor nkekọ? Anyị nwere ike ịmata ihe dị iche anụ ogige ịda ruru yiri usoro nke guzobere chemical ogige. Ka ihe atụ, mgbasa na mmiri nke hydrogen Fluoride, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị amonia na aluminum chloride, nke na-eduga ná guzobe mgbagwoju ogige.

ọgwụgwụ

Nyere ọchịchị nke onyinye-acceptor mmekọrịta, mara na inert, haruru nwere ike na-eme dị ka ọrụ donors, ebe ọ bụ na elu shei nwere a karịa ego nke electrons. Experimentally nkwupụta a e n'ụzọ zuru ezu irè na kwuru oxides inert, haruru a kpụrụ site na-enye onyinye-acceptor interactions.

Nke a na ụdị covalent nkekọ bụ nke otu dị mkpa na ndụ mmadụ. Na mgbakwunye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekere òkè na ya na ndụ n'ihi na onyinye-acceptor nkekọ nwere ike ịmepụta oriri dị iche iche na-emepụta ọgwụ preparations. Dị ka ihe atụ, e guzobere usoro tụlere n'elu banyere ammonium cation guzobere amonia na ọtụtụ-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ ọgbara.