Polotsk ihe gbasara onye isi: ihe mere eme, akwụkwọ. Culture nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk

On oge ochie ala nke Belarus nwere a ole na ole na iri na abuo obere na-ekwu. Ma ibu na nke kasị dị ịrịba ama e weere Polotsk na Turov ihe gbasara onye isi. N'okpuru ọchịchị ha nwekwara obere anāchi achi. Dị ka Pinsk, Minsk, Vitebsk na ndị ọzọ. N'isiokwu a anyị na-ele anya na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwụkwọ, omenala na ndị na-achị ndị kasị ibu na mma-mara mmụta ọha na eze - na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk.

I nwere ike ịnụ na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk - akpa Belarusian ala. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ. Mgbe niile, e kwuru banyere mmalite nke feudal mmekọahụ nke Polotsk ala. Ọ bụ ebe a, na ama mmiri ụzọ "si Vikings ndị Gris", na kpụrụ ike ihe gbasara onye isi Belarusian ebo (Radimichi Krivichi Dregovichi).

guzobere

Dị ka nke ọma, e nwere a ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk na Belarusian ala? N'ụzọ dị mwute, azịza nke ajụjụ a abụghị nke ọma-ekwe omume. Iji ụbọchị, e nọgidere dịghị dere isi mmalite ma ọ bụ gwupụtara n'ala, nke otu onye nwere ike ikpebi mgbe e guzobere ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk malitere. Historians bụ nanị echiche. Na ihe ndị kasị Ozizi a na-akpọ IX narị afọ. Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ okụrede mkpokọta n'ili (ogologo barrows). Kama, e nwere naanị mkpọmkpọ, ọ dịkarịa ala - paired. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akọwa eziokwu a ike anam idem emem nke umunna na agbụrụ agbatị. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ na ndị IX narị afọ, ọ malitere ịpụta klas iche n'etiti ili. Ụfọdụ na-mma na oké ọnụ, mgbe ndị ọzọ - nnọọ mfe. Nke a bụ indicative nke onwunwe inequality.

Tribe nkewa n'ime ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye emewo ka ntoputa nke ama, bụ too ogologo n'elu ndị ọzọ so na obodo, na abịakwasị Central ikike. Nke ama, n'aka nke ya, guzo site obodo isi. Ha agbakọta onwe ha n'obodo nwere mgbidi, nke di mma na ebo nile ha. Ya mere, ke akpa ọkara nke IX narị afọ ndị agbụrụ ama Krivichy wue obodo n'ebe osimiri asọpụta n'ime Polota Western Berezina. Ebe a, si obi anakọtara ụtụ.

Nne Belarusian obodo

History nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk amalite n'out oge na e kere eke nke obodo nke Polotsk. The mbụ e kwuru banyere obodo bụ nke afọ 862. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwu na ọ pụtara n'ihu ọtụtụ mbụ. N'ihi ya, na undated akụkụ nke "Akụkọ nke gara Years" (oge ochie akukonsinooge nke Slavic ala) kwuru aha "Polotsk" n'out oge na "Kriviches". Ọ nwere ike kwubiri na ọbụna n'oge ihe Krivichy igbunye a iche iche ala na isi obodo ya na Polotsk. Ogologo oge tupu mbụ Vikings pụtara na ụwa, na Nleta Old Russian ala.

City natara aha ya n'ihi na nke osimiri, bụ nke dị na anoghi n'ulo oba. Dị ka ekwuola, nso mmezi nke osimiri bupụrụ n'ime Polota Western Berezina.

n'ókèala

Polotsk na Turov isi e enịm na nnọọ na-adịghị emepụta ala. Otú ọ dị Polack nwere ihe ọzọ dị mkpa uru. Ebe a bụ nrutu nke mkpa ụzọ azụmahịa nke Berezina, Dvina na Neman. Nke ahụ bụ, mmiri ụzọ "si Vikings na Grik." Nke a so bụghị nanị na mmepe nke ahia na aku na uba na na ala, ma mekwara ka a uka Mbugharị nke ọzọ ndị mmadụ na mba n'ala Polotsk. Na ókèala ndị ihe gbasara onye isi gbara ya gburugburu impenetrable ọhịa, nke na-eje ozi dị ka a pụrụ ịdabere na-echebe site ndị iro. Na ndị iro Polochans kpakọbara na ọzọ na ndị ọzọ kwa afọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe gbasara onye isi nke na-achịkwa ụzọ azụmahịa mere na-amasị ndị agbata obi na-ekwu, - Kiev na Novgorod. Nke mechara kpatara territorial esemokwu, na-oke-awụfu ọbara.

Polotsk ka gụnyere bụghị nanị ala Polotsk, ma akụkụ nke ókèala Dregovichi, Lithuanian na Finnish ebo. Polochans biri nile na Western Dvina, canvases, nakwa dị ka na ọdọ mmiri Berezina, Neman na Svisloch. Ọdịdị nke ahụ ihe gbasara onye isi gụnyere ndị ahụ bụ isi obodo ndị dị ka Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Borisov, Logoisk, Zaslavl, Drutsk, Lukoml na ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, n'oge na-IX-nke Iri na Atọ ọtụtụ narị afọ na ọ bụ a nnukwu ma dị ike European ala.

mbụ Prince

E kwuru banyere ndị eze ukwu na-n'otu na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk, na nkera nke abụọ nke X narị afọ. Dị ka e kwuru na Chronicle, "valadaryu, trymau i knyazhyu Ragvalod Polatskayu zyamleyu".

Norman Rogvolod "wee si n'oké osimiri," ya na chịrị site na 972 978 a afọ. Oge a na-ewere ikpeazụ ogbo nke guzobe nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk. The ala mepụtara ya ókè, gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nhazi usoro, kpụrụ a ike agha, malitere iru ahia mmekọahụ. The akụkọ ihe mere eme isi ma na etiti ghọrọ obodo Polotsk.

Princess na atọ aha

History nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk - a akụkọ ihe mere eme nke esiri onwe, bụ nke e mesịrị na-efu. Ya mere, na 980, ala e weere dị ka akụkụ nke Old Russian ala. The ihe gbasara onye isi aghọwo a zụta mgbawa n'etiti agha mgbe Novgorod na Kiev.

Dị ka e kwuru na Chronicle, na 978, Prince Rogvolod ike n'ókè-ala nke ha ala, o kpebiri inye nwa-ya nwayi nke-isi nke Kiev Rogneda Jaropolk, ịgọnahụ n'otu oge Vladimir Svyatoslavich (eze ukwu si Novgorod Rurik usoro ndị eze). Ike iguzo mweda n'ala, Vladimir were iwe ọkụ Polotsk, gburu Rogvolod na ụmụ ya abụọ, na Rogneda forcibly were ya na nwunye ya site n'inye ya aha Gorislava. Mgbe ahụ Prince of Novgorod, weghaara Kiev na-ada ka Polotsk okpukpe ọhụrụ - Christianity.

Dị ka "Akụkọ nke gara Years" na Rogneda na Vladimir ụmụ nwoke anọ: Izyaslav (Prince of Polotsk), Yaroslav Mudry (Prince of Kiev na Novgorod), Vsevolod (Vladimir-Volyn isi) na Mstislav (Chernigov Prince). Nakwa dị ka ụmụ nwaanyị abụọ Premislava, onye mesịrị lụrụ di na nwunye Laszlo Baldy (Ugric eze), na Predslava, ghọrọ nwunye Boleslaw III na Red (Czech Prince).

Mgbe Rogneda Vladimir nwaa igbu ya na nwa-ya Izyaslav (kpechitere n'iru nna-ya maka nne ya) zitere Polotsk, obodo Izjaslavl. Adaeze ghọrọ a nọn, were aha nke atọ - Anastasia.

Akụ na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk

The 988 bi Izjaslavl kpọrọ Rogneda nwa na Vladimir Izjaslava ibu eze. Ọ ghọrọ ama dị ka a oké-ode-akwukwọ na nkesa nke ọhụrụ kweere, Christianity, na Polotsk ala. Ọ na-amalite na Izyaslav alaka ọhụrụ na Rurik usoro ndị eze - Izyaslavich (Polotsk). The ụmụ Izyaslav, n'adịghị umu-nne-ya, ghọta na ha kinship na Rogvolod (nne). Ha na-akpọ onwe ha Rogvolodovichami.

Izyaslav nwụrụ eto eto (na 1001), ọ ọbọhọ nne ya Rogneda naanị otu afọ. Polotsk ihe gbasara onye isi malitere ịchị bụ ọdụdụ nwa ya Bryachislav Izyaslavich. Ruo mgbe 1044 eze ukwu ahụ mụụrụ ya iwu iji na ịgbasa n'ala. N'iji nke ahụ esemokwu na-ebelata Russia, Bryachislav jide Novgorod arọ ise na ise na-enwe ike na nwanne nna ya Yaroslav Amamihe. N'otu oge ahụ e ji wuo ya na obodo Bryachislavl (oge a Braslav).

okooko

Elu nke ike ya na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk ruru na 1044-1101 gg., N'oge ọchịchị nke Vseslava Veschego nwa Prince Brjachislav. Ebe ọ maara na ọ ga-agha maka ọnwụ na ndụ, onye-isi ruo n'etiti 60-ies XI narị afọ na-akwadebe maka agha - obodo e wusiri ike, ọ kpọkọtara ndị agha. Ya mere, Polotsk a kpaliri nri akụ nke Western Dvina, ọnu-Polota.

Vseslav Polotsk malitere mụbaa n'ala dị n'ebe ugwu, meriri ebo Latgale na Liv. Otú ọ dị, na 1067, mgbe ọ nọ na hiking na Novgorod kụrụ afọ n'ala, onye-isi, ya na ụmụ weghaara Izyaslav Yaroslavich, na steeti e weghaara. Ma a afọ mgbe e mesịrị ndị nnupụisi tọhapụrụ Vseslav, na ọ bụ ike naputa furu efu n'ala.

Site 1069 1072 na ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk duru a n'esepụghị aka ọbara agha Kiev eze. Ọ e weghaara Smolensk ihe gbasara onye isi, nakwa dị ka akụkụ nke Chernigov n'ala dị n'ebe ugwu. N'afọ ndị ahụ, ndị bi na nke isi obodo nke ihe gbasara onye isi bụ ihe karịrị iri abụọ na puku ndị mmadụ.

ada ada

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Vseslav na 1101, ụmụ ya kewara ihe gbasara onye isi n'ime fiefdoms: Vitebsk, Minsk, Polotsk, Logoisk na ndị ọzọ. Na na 1127 nwa Vladimira Monomaha, na-ewere uru nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndi-isi, meriri na Sacked Polotsk. Izyaslavich ọ na-e-nkpọrọ, wee kpamkpam chụga ya anya Byzantium. Ya mere, site na njedebe nke XII narị afọ ikike nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk na mba arena mesịrị daa, na akụkụ nke n'ókèala jide Novgorod na Chernigov.

Na nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ na Polotsk ya gburu a nsogbu ọhụrụ - na Order nke mma-agha, bụ onye mechara ghọọ Livonian. Right mgbe Prince Vladimir nke Polotsk agha Agha Ntụte n'ihi na ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ, ma kwụsị ha na ọ bụghị n'okpuru ike. Ọ bụ mmalite nke ọgwụgwụ nke nnwere onwe. Na na 1307 Polotsk ghọrọ akụkụ nke Ukwu Duchy nke Lithuania.

Culture nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Polotsk

Ọ na-a ihe gbasara onye isi aghọwo a ebe a mụrụ na Belarusian ghọọ mba kwụụrụ na omenala na ide. Na Polotsk metụtara na aha ndị dị ka Evfrosiniya Polotskaya, Lazar Bogsha, Frantsisk Skorina, Kirill Turovsky na Simeon nke Polotsk. Ha bụ ndị mpako nke Belarusian mba.

Na biakwa obibia nke Christianity na Polotsk ije wee malite ịkpa. Ya mere, ihe mbụ nnukwu ụlọ nkume ghọrọ Polotsk St. Sophia Cathedral, wuru na 1050 si. Na na 1161 na ere goodu Lazar Bogsha e kere a masterpiece nke etinyere art nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Slav - a pụrụ iche cross Euphrosyne. Nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ bụ oge a na e nwere na Belarusian asụsụ.