Inweta alkenes

Alkenes - bụ unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons, nke na-agụnye naanị otu abụọ nkekọ carbon atọm. Ha na-etolite a otu homology mgbagwoju (nọmba) nke na-egosi akụkụ compound nke usoro CnH2n. Ka ihe atụ, usoro a na mbụ usoro nke bekee - ethylene - C2H4, usoro nke-ise n'usoro pentene - C5H10, iri decene - C10H20.

The carbon atọm na ndị a bekee ke ọnụnọ nke a okpukpu abụọ nkekọ na a steeti hybridization sp², ya mere, valence n'akuku nke molekụla Ọdịdị bụ 120 Celsius. The mfe alkene bụ ethylene ya na usoro C2H4. Homologous usoro nke alkenes ma na-egosipụta aha ha, nke na-hiwere site na mgbakwunye na nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ nganiihu.

Ọ ga-kwuru na njikere nke alkenes kpebisiri ike kpamkpam site ya chemical Njirimara na e ji mara. Ka ihe atụ, ndị nke nwere ihe karịrị abụọ carbon atọm incorporating ike isomers. N'ihi ya e nwere ụkpụrụ esịnede ke eziokwu na ibu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm dị na a kpọmkwem alkene, ka o nwee ike na-etolite isomers.

Physical Njirimara ndị a ogige na-adaberekwa na ọnọdụ na homologous usoro. Ka ihe atụ,-agbaze ebe, esi ebe na njupụta nke ethylene na-karị -169,1, -103,7 na 0,5700. Otu afọ nke asatọ na usoro nke alkene - octene - hà, karị, -101,7, -121,3 na 0,7140.

First inweta alkenes ada itie ke 1669 mgbe a German mmiri ọgwụ Bika kpọrọ ya site na mmetụta nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na -aba n'anya. N'oge a na ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ịmata kpọmkwem gas enwupụta, ya mere enyeghị ya aha, na a na-akpọ nanị "ikuku." Mgbe e mechara, "ikuku Bika" kpọmkwem n'otu n'ụzọ, na natara Dutch Deyman Potts Van Troostvik na 1795. Nke a oge, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu ha ụzọ nke nkwadebe nke alkenes, na-enye ha a aha pụrụ iche - "maslorodny gas." Nke a aha a mụrụ n'ihi na, n'oge mmeghachi omume na chlorine na-etolite ihe mmanu mmanu mmiri mmiri, naanị mgbe e mesịrị mara dị ka dichloroethane mmiri ọgwụ si France Antuanom Furkrua.

Ọzọkwa, ná mmalite nke narị afọ gara aga site J. Gay-Lussac hụrụ na ethanol-agụnye, ke adianade ahụ n'ezie "maslorodnogo" gas na mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe.

J. Dumas na P. ehi na 1928 meghere nweta alkenes si ethyl chloride. Ọ bụ na-akpali na nke a nnọọ ogologo oge, chemists pụghị dee usoro nke compound. Naanị na 1848 ịsụ kpọgara ya na ethylene na dere ka a S4N4.

Na ọdịdị, e nwere fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dịghị alkenes. Ethylene bụ mfe nnọchiteanya nke homologous series, bụ n'ụdị nke hormone na ụfọdụ osisi.

Lower alkenes bụ na-egbu egbu na ike na elu kasịnụ ime ka a narcotic mmetụta. Bụrụ na nke ingestion nke elu alkenes pụrụ hụrụ ụfụ na airway edema.

The ịdị ukwuu nke molekụla ibu ekpebi esi ebe na-agbaze ndị a ogige ma ha ala nke aggregation. Alkenes-mbu na nke-anọ na usoro - aputa nke ise na nke iri na asaa nke dị n'ụdị ihe mmiri mmiri, na-esote - solids. Enweghị isịneke, niile alkenes adịghị soluble na mmiri ma ọma soluble na organic solvents.

N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị dị ugbu a, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche na-emepụta alkenes. Ya mere, ụzọ na-amị alkenes, na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eme.

Ihe bụ isi usoro bụ elu okpomọkụ catalytic cracking usoro nke na-agụnye eke gas na hydrocarbon ogige dị n'ime crude mmanụ. Na ikwu na ala, ọ bụ ike itinye usoro na na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols.

The laboratories na-eji usoro a, ma ebe a na mmeghachi omume na-ekenịmde ke ọnụnọ nke ike asịd na-eji ụzọ nke synthesizing Hoffmann na Chugaeva. N'ihi na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke synthesizing mmeghachi omume na-agụnye Burda, nke bụ mkpochapu bromine.

Alkenes dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa n'ihi chemical ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-iji na-emepụta nke ukwu ichekwa chemical ogige. Ya mere na-alkenes bụ ihe dị mkpa ntụziaka nke mmepe nke chemical promyschlennosti niile mba ndị mepere emepe.