Mgbe azụ na 1330 Bertold Shvarts, a German mọnk bụ onye chọpụtara gunpowder propellant Njirimara, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chere na ga-abụ nna nna nke ndị ọhụrụ chi - chi nke agha.
The si malite ogbunigwe
Emepe mọnk ngwa ngwa n'ọrụ na ndị metụtara agha, na n'oge na-adịghị e nwere ebe abụọ nke mmepụta ngwá agha, ebe atụba Njirimara nke gunpowder eji. Nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ ike a fechaa aka-ẹkenịmde obere ogwe aka, nke abụọ - na mmepụta nke egbe. Ntoputa nke égbè mkpụmkpụ adịghị mere ka e nke a ọhụrụ ụdị agha. Ha dị nnọọ burugodị ẹdude, dochie bipu na ndi agha ụta na ìhè ube - ube agha. Ma onye ahụ nke na egbe guzobere ọhụrụ agha, nke na Russia a na-akpọ "ọkụ uwe", na na Italian theorist Niccolo Tartaglia ogwe chọrọ na-akpọ ndị ogbunigwe, nke na translation pụtara "nkà nke égbè." Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta kweere na agha pụtara nke ọma tupu mmeghe nke German onye mọnk, na mepụtara nke mbụ propelling ígwè - ballista. Ọ bụla ọ bụ, chi nke agha ogbunigwe ahụ bụ kpọmkwem na e kere eke nke-eji égbè agbagbu.
Mmepe nke Chineke nke War
N'ime oge ahụ, agha na-adịghị ada ka, na ogbunigwe na-abụghị nanị na mma, kamakwa ọhụrụ ụdị ngosipụta: howitzers, ogbunigwe, multiple rọketi launchers na ndị ọzọ. Na abụọ na narị afọ ogbunigwe n'ezie adịkwaghị n'ọgbọ agha. Na na mmepe nke ngwaọrụ mepụtara na ogbunigwe mgbọ.
ụdị shells
The mbụ shei, nke agbala na onye iro, bụ onye ọzọ karịa ot nkume, a rechargeable ballista. Na iwebata egbe malitere iji pụrụ iche nkume, mgbe ahụ, metal isi. Ha etinyere iro ọnwụ n'ihi na kinetic ike nwetara n'oge na-agba. Ma ọbụna na nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ AD na China anyị na-eji na-agbawa agbawa projectile, methane iro site catapult. Ya mere, ha amaghị na ime ka oghere isi nke mgbawa ihe onwunwe n'ime abụghị ogologo na-abịa. Ya mere, e ihe ogbunigwe na-agbawa agbawa projectile. Ọ iwetara ịrịba mmebi n'ihi na ike nke mgbawa na chụsasịrị splinters. Mgbe ọdịdị armored zaa mbuso ha pụrụ iche ihe-agha-Idupu, ịkpọpu akụkụ na cumulative mgbọ e mepụtara. Ọrụ ha bụ banye n'ime ekike agha na imebi ígwè na manpower ndị na-na zabronevom ohere. E nwekwara pụrụ iche-nzube shells: bata n'ezi, incendiary, chemical, na ndị ọzọ na-agbasa echiche. Nso nso inweta ewu ewu na-eduzi munitions, nke onwe ha ịgbanwe ya elu ọzọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi kụrụ zaa.
Concussive shells
Landmine na-anọchi anya na-agbawa agbawa isi (mgbawa) nke iwetara mmebi site ujo ebili mmiri, elu okpomọkụ na gbawara ngwaahịa (ụfọdụ na-agbawa agbawa, ihe atụ, na-ekwe ka combustion of orùrù). Mgbawa projectile fọrọ adịghị eji dị ọcha ụdị. Mgbawa ụgwọ enịm ke a siri ike metal ahụ pụrụ iguzogide elu nsogbu na mụụrụ ya. Ya mere, na ọgbụgba ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa shei forms a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke akwụkwọ ya. Nke a mgbọ aha ya bụ elu-agbawa agbawa projectile (CFC). Ihe ka nnọọ ọtụtụ nke ogbunigwe mgbọ bụ nnọọ CFC.
shrapnel
Ebe ọ bụ na na-emebi ot FFS bụ ike hụ na a edo dispersion rifọrọ, ọ e mepụtara site elu-agbawa agbawa shells na njikere-egbu ọcha. Nke a na ụdị munition a na-akpọ "shrapnel" (na nsọpụrụ nke nchepụta, na British ojii Henry Shrepnela). Kasị dị irè mgbe ọ na-na-afụ na a elu nke ọtụtụ mita site n'ala. Modern mgbọ submunitions nwere feathered ụdị pyramid, nke na-enye ohere ọbụna kụrụ ejighị ya kpọrọ armored zaa.
Landmine megide agha
Ke mbubreyo 40-ies nke XX narị afọ na UK na ọ e mepụtara na-agbawa agbawa projectile ibibi onye iro armored ugbo ala. O nwere a ụlọ na mkpa mgbidi, na nke e debere ndị na-agbawa agbawa isi na a detonator na a retarder. N'elu kọntaktị na mkpa dara agha n'ọbọ osụhọ na esisịt ihe agha BB, akada-akacha ebe. Mgbe a na ime ihe e butere site a detonator na mmebi nke explosives. Nke a rụpụtara na-arụ ọrụ na-emeri usoro zabronevom esịtidem ohere iberibe na-ere ọkụ n'elu oyi akwa nke ihe agha. Nke a na ụdị a na-akpọ elu-agbawa agbawa squash isi. Otú ọ dị, na biakwa obibia nke ike nchebe na di iche iche nke ihe-agha, ọ na-hụrụ na-adịghị ike. Ugbu a, ndị a akụ ụta nọ n'ozi naanị n'ala nna ha - na UK.
Fuuz mgbawa shells
The mbụ fuuz elu-agbawa agbawa mgbọ bụ nkịtị oriọna nke na-amụnyewo mgbe chụọ n'ọrụ si a egbe na-emebi BB butere mgbe a ụfọdụ oge. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọdịdị rifled egbe na shells conical udi, nke na-ekwe nkwa na otu oge atọrọ na ihe na-egbochi n'ihu ikpe, e nwere ndị fuuz percussion. Ha uru dabeere n'eziokwu na ozize nke BB emee ozugbo na kọntaktị na ihe na-egbochi. N'ihi na mbibi nke e wusiri ike percussion fuuz onwem na retarder. Nke a kwere mgbọ, mbụ banye n'ime mgbochi, si otú n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na-amụba ya arụmọrụ. Outfitting bọmbụ na ọzọ oke fuuz ahu na oké mgbidi (ikwe, n'ihi na kinetic ike, banye n'ime miri n'ime mgbidi nke ogologo oge ọku isi) natara betonoboynymi projectile.
Itunanya bu na, na mbụ ogbo nke WWII tankị KV-2 eji 152-millimeter shells betonoboynymi ọma buso German agha. Mgbe agbara ndi mmadu n'ime usoro ma ọ bụ ìhè German tank shei ruru ya ibu, akpa ime ụgbọ ala, dọwaa ulo-elu, na mgbe ahụ gbawara. Na mwepu nke percussion fuzes na mgbe wepụtara n'ime nnyapade ala (eg, apiti), ha na-arụ ọrụ. Nsogbu a pụrụ iwepụ ihe ndị remote detonator na-enye ohere ihe mgbawa nke mgbọ na ụfọdụ anya site na nsọtu nke egbe gbọmgbọm. Ugbu a, a ụdị detonator eji na fọrọ nke nta niile nke CFC. Ọ na-enye ohere ka ihe atụ, ndị firing nke tank cannons na ikuku zaa (helicopters).
Ọgụ ojiji nke mgbawa projectiles
High-agbawa agbawa shells - isi ụdị mgbọ eji oge a na ogbunigwe na usoro. Ha na-eji na-ebibi wusiri ike, mmebi na mbibi nke dị iche iche ọgụ materiel, ogwe aka ya, manpower. Na ha nyeere ya aka, na ndeputa chịngọm ná ntutu isi na minefields na nzere engineering owuwu. Ka ihe atụ, ke akpatre oge nke Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya nke Soviet onwe-propelled ogbunigwe echichi mis-152, iji a 152-mm elu-agbawa agbawa projectile, ọma-ebibi German bunkers na ndị Seelow Heights, karịa a itunanya nke 1st na 2nd-eche ha nche tank Army Katukova na Bogdanov ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Berlin. Ọbụna ndị kasị dị ike na-abụghị ngwá agha nuklia nke taa (RZSO "Twister") mejupụtara ntọala mgbọ roket elu-agbawa agbawa shells 9M55F nke mgbe wupu égbè-apụta na ngwá agha ọgwụrụ.