Phraseological Nchikota: Ihe Nlereanya

Amama nke ahịrịokwu - bụ ógbè nke onye ọ bụla na-amụ asụsụ mba ọzọ, n'ihi na mgbe ha, ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ịghọta ihe bụ na eto. Ọtụtụ mgbe, iji ghọta n'echiche nke a na nkwupụta, ọ dị mkpa iji akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke phraseological n'ịgwa, nke na-adịghị mgbe niile. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe ngwọta - ị nwere ike ịzụlite ikike ịmata idioms, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-adị mfe ịghọta ihe ha pụtara. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na nke a mkpa ka ị mara ihe di iche iche ha na otú ha dị iche. Akpan akpan anya na nke a ga-akwụ ụgwọ iji phraseological n'ịgwa ka ha (n'ihi na nke ụzọ dị iche iche nke edida ha) kee ọtụtụ nsogbu. Ya mere, ihe ọ bụ, ihe ndị ha iche atụmatụ na ihe Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu i nwere ike ịhụ Atụmatụ?

Phraseology na isiokwu nke ọmụmụ ya

Science phraseology, nke specializes na-amụ nke dị iche iche ihe n'ịgwa nke anụ, na-eto eto. Na Russian mmụta asụsụ, ọ malitere dị ka ndị dị iche ngalaba naanị ke XVIII narị afọ., Ma mgbe ahụ na njedebe nke narị afọ a, ekele Mihailu Lomonosovu.

The kasị ama nke ya na-eme nnyocha - ọkà mmụta asụsụ Viktor Vinogradov na Nikolay Shan, na English - A. The McKay, William Weinreich na L. P. Smit. Itunanya bu na, ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na-asụ Bekee ọkà mmụta asụsụ, n'adịghị Slavic ọkachamara, ọtụtụ obere ntị na-akwụ ụgwọ phraseological nkeji, na ngwaahịa ha na asụsụ a na-enye Russian, Ukrainian ma ọ bụ Polish.

Isi isiokwu na-amụ nke na-elekwasị anya nke a ịdọ aka ná ntị bụ akpaala okwu ma ọ bụ n'akpaala okwu okwu. Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Nke a Nchikota multiple okwu, nke bụ anụ na Ọdịdị na mejupụtara (bụghị haziri ọhụrụ oge ọ bụla na-eji na-ama okokụre ụdị). N'ihi nke a, mgbe parsing akpaala okwu, n'agbanyeghị nke ya ụdị, na ogologo nke ya constituent okwu, mgbe nile na-egosi dị ka otu ahiriokwu.

Set nkebi ahịrịokwu nke ọ bụla asụsụ bụ a pụrụ iche ihe, metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Ọ na-apụghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu-agafere na-enweghị adịkwa ya pụtara. Ya mere, translation esiwak họọrọ nwere yiri idioms nke uru, adị ke asụsụ ọzọ.

Dị ka ihe atụ, ama English phraseological Nchikota: "Nọgidenụ na-na mkpịsị aka gị na usu", nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ka anyị na mkpịsị aka na usu," ma ọ na-eme uche na-"na-abreast nke na nmepe." Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na otu narị percent Russian counterpart, ọ na-anọchi na yiri nnọọ "na-eche na usu".

Mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na mbọhọ mba, ha na-asụ asụsụ e nwere yiri ibe nke ahịrịokwu, na mgbe ahụ na nsogbu na translation e. N'ihi ya, Russian okwu bụ "twiddle" (ọgbaghara gburugburu) nwere ejima ya na Ukraine asụsụ - "byty baydyky".

Ọtụtụ mgbe okwu ndị dị abịa n'otu oge na otutu asụsụ n'ihi na ihe ụfọdụ dị mkpa ndị dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Kraịst. N'agbanyeghị nke dị iche iche Christian nta, na Ukrainian, French, Spanish, German, Slovak, Russian na Polish nkịtị akpaala okwu "Alfa na Omega" na-e si Bible na pụtara "site ná mmalite ruo ọgwụgwụ" (n'ụzọ zuru ezu, juputara).

Types of set nkebi ahịrịokwu

Na nke nke nhazi ọkwa nke phraseology ka-ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-adịghị abịa a otu echiche. Ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ n'usoro ha ilu ( "enweghị anyanwụ i nwere ike na-agaghị anọ, nwere ike na-enweghị ụtọ") na okwu ( "Chineke ga-enye - a ezi-eri") na asụsụ clichés ( "ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-akwado", "na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi"). Ma mgbe ha nọ nta.

N'oge, ndị kasị ewu ewu na East Slavic asụsụ arụ nhazi ọkwa asụsụ Viktor Vinogradov, nke na-na-ekesa niile set nkebi ahịrịokwu na atọ isi ige:

• Phraseological onuete.
• Phraseological n'otu.
• Phraseological n'ịgwa ya.

A ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ iko anọ na na ịdị n'otu na okwu ahụ bụ "akpaala okwu" (site ụzọ, okwu bụ cognate na noun "onye iberibe"), nke bụ n'ezie a synonym maka noun "akpaala okwu". Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na mgbe ụfọdụ ise a dị iche n'etiti ha bụ nnọọ ike. Nke a aha bụ uru na-echeta, dị ka English phraseological onuete, ịdị n'otu, na ijikọta agafere ya enyemaka - idioms.

Ajụjụ nke n'akpaala okwu okwu

Otu Vinogradova Nikolay Shan siri ọnwụ na ịdị adị nke a anọ na umu - okwu. N'eziokwu, ọ na-akọrọ phraseological n'ịgwa Vinogradov abụọ ige: n'ezie n'ịgwa na okwu.

Ọ bụ ezie na nhazi ọkwa nke Shan na-eduga ná mgbagwoju anya na omume nke nkesa nke set nkebi ahịrịokwu, ma ọ na-enye ohere ka ị na-ọzọ nke ukwuu tụlee a nke asụsụ onu.

Gịnị bụ ihe dị iche phraseological onuete, phraseological ịdị n'otu, phraseological n'ịgwa

Mbụ niile, ọ bụ uru nghọta na ndị a siri ike nkeji na-ekewa ndị a na ụdị lexical larịị nke onwe nke ha mmiri.

Turnovers nnọọ atọsa, onye pụtara na-adịghị jikọrọ uru nke ha mmiri, ha a na-akpọ phraseological onuete. Dị ka ihe atụ: "nkọ fritters" (edu-enweghị isi na mkparịta ụka), na-eyi otu obi na onye uwe (na-eziokwu, pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "na-eyi obi on n'onwe ya"). Site n'ụzọ, maka adhesions e ji mara imagery, mgbe mgbe, ha na-adapụta si a na-ewu ewu okwu, karịsịa mgbe ochie ma ọ okwu oge ochie akwụkwọ.

Phraseological ịdị n'otu bụ ihe onwe ha echiche, na mmekọrita ya mmiri. N'adịghị ka adhesions, ha semantics bụ n'ihi uru nke ha mejuputara. N'ihi nke a, a na-agụnye puns. Dị ka ihe atụ: "obere ma n'ụzọ zuru okè kpụrụ" (a mmadụ na-eme ihe ọma, n'agbanyeghị na ya abụghị nnukwu mpụga data) na Ukrainian akpaala okwu: "katyuzі on zasluzі" (onye ahụ mejọrọ natara ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na ntaramahụhụ nke ya onwe ya mere ihe ọjọọ). Site n'ụzọ, na ihe atụ abụọ atụ a pụrụ iche mma nke unities: rhymed dabara n'usoro dịka. Ikekwe nke a bụ ihe mere Viktor Vinogradov gua ha ilu na okwu, n'agbanyeghị na ha bụ ndị nke phraseology ka ụka site na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ.

Ụdị nke atọ: nnweta okwu collocations. Ha bụ ndị ezi nnọọ iche na n'elu abụọ. Nke bụ eziokwu na uru nke ha mmiri ozugbo emetụta pụtara nke ngụkọta ntụgharị. Dị ka ihe atụ: "ịṅụ oké mmanya", "na-eweli nke".

Phraseological n'ịgwa na Russian asụsụ (dị ka na Ukraine na English) nwere ihe onwunwe pụrụ iche: ha mmiri nwere ike dochie anya na-enweghị ọnwụ nke pụtara otu ihe "mejọọ nsọpụrụ" - "na-afụ ụfụ na nganga", "ogho uhie hey" - "hey". Dị ka ihe atụ nke asụsụ nke mpako British - akpaala okwu na-egosi na otu ezé (egosi ezé), nke nwere ike na-emegharị maka onye ọ bụla: egosi na m (gị, ya, ya, anyị) ezé.

Phraseological okwu na n'ịgwa: ahụ pụrụ iche atụmatụ

Nhazi ọkwa Victor Vinogradova, nke ndị mejupụtara na-ekenyela naanị otu gbasara nyocha ụdị (n'ịgwa nke okwu) nke nta nke nta gbakwunyere Nikolaem Shanskim. Ịmata Ọdịiche idioms na Nchikota dị nnọọ mfe (ruru ha iche dị na Ọdịdị). Ma ọhụrụ unit nke Shan - okwu ( "egwu nke wolves - n'ọhịa ka ọ ghara ịga"), ọ bụ ike ịmata ihe dị iche si Nchikota.

Ma ọ bụrụ na ịghọta ajụjụ, i nwere ike ịhụ a doo anya, nke dabeere na uru nke phraseological n'ịgwa. N'ihi ya, okwu iso nke kpam kpam free okwu, n'ụzọ zuru ezu nwere onwe ha semantics ( "ihe niile bụ gold - na glitters"). Otú ọ dị, site na mbụ nkebi ahịrịokwu na ahịrịokwu, ha dị iche na nke na ha na-anụ okwu ndị na-adịghị komponiruyutsya maka ọhụrụ na-eji na okokụre ụdị dị ka a template, "horseradish radish bụghị dịkwa ụtọ" (Ukraine version of "hrіn radish bụghị solodshy").

Phraseological n'ịgwa ( "Ka anyị gaba ebipụ" - "na-enye a n'aka ebipụ") na-mgbe na Ọdịdị nwere okwu ole na ole na-achọghị ịrụ ọrụ bara uru, mgbe niile mmiri nke okwu semantically kpamkpam onwe ha ( "Man - ọ dị mma"). Itunanya bu na, akụkụ a nke ha na-eme ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na obi abụọ na-ekwu okwu nke na set nkebi ahịrịokwu.

Nke Nchikota okwu abụghị n'akpaala okwu okwu

Akpaala okwu, a lexical echiche, bụ a pụrụ iche onu: na otu aka, ha nwere niile ihe ịrịba ama nke nkebi ahịrịokwu, ma ihe yiri Njirimara okwu. Ịmara ihe ndị a, ị nwere ike mfe ịmụta ịmata anụ phraseological n'ịgwa, ịdị n'otu, anọ na ọ bụ okwu si na-emebu nkebi ahịrịokwu.

• Akpaala okwu, nakwa dị ka nkebi ahịrịokwu iso nke ọtụtụ interconnected tokens, ma ọtụtụ n'ime ha pụtara bụ enweghị ike karịrị nchikota nke ha akụrụngwa ụkpụrụ. Dị ka ihe atụ :. "Ida gị isi" (kwụsị iche amamihe) na "ida a obere akpa" Okwu na-eme ka akpaala okwu, na-eji na a n'ụzọ ihe atụ.
• Mgbe e ji okwu na ide mejupụtara kpụrụ nkebi ahịrịokwu oge ọ bụla ọzọ. Ma ịdị n'otu na anọ na-mgbe niile na aruputaghari na ikpeazụ na ụdị (na-ejikọ ha na-ekwu okwu clichés). Phraseological Nchikota okwu na phraseological okwu mgbe ụfọdụ anya na nke a. Dị ka ihe atụ: "kpọgidere ala" (obi jọọ) bụ ezie na ọ bụ phraseology, ma onye ọ bụla nke ya mmiri bụ ike kpamkpam-egosi na ot nkebi ahịrịokwu "kpọgidere kootu" na "belata isi ya."
• N'akpaala okwu (n'ihi na ike n'ezi ihe nke ụkpụrụ omume nke ya mmiri) na ọtụtụ ikpe nwere ike mfe dochie synonyms, i nwere ike ime na okwu. Dị ka ihe atụ: okwu bụ "ohu nke Melpomene," nwere ike mfe gbanwere a dị mfe okwu "Artist" ma ọ bụ "omee".
• Akpaala okwu mgbe na-eme ka aha. Ka ihe atụ, hydronym "Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ" na phraseological Nchikota "apụ oge" (ịdị n'oge), "atọgbọrọwo ibu" (edina ejibeghi ibu).

Nhazi ọkwa nke phraseological nkeji si

Ịtụle ajụjụ nke si malite phraseological n'ịgwa, okwu nke ịdị n'otu na splices ha nwere ike ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ iche iche.

• N'ịgwa nke nwere si ndị mmadụ n'olu, "na-na ụkwụ ya", "na-enweghị a eze na isi ya" (nzuzu), "ọ dịghị, na izu" (nnọọ obere okwu).
• Professional na mpe mpe akwa, nke ji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ phraseologisms :. "Black na-acha ọcha", "agbapụtara mmiri na nkume igwe nri", "na ohere ike ọsọ"
• Nke na-iconic okwu ma ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị edemede odide, nkiri odide: "Ndị isi ihe ona Nọdụ" ( "Wizards"), "Nlezianya, ụmụ okorobịa" (M. Zhvanetskiy), m nwere a dream (Martin Luther King).
• Anụ phraseological n'ịgwa biiri site n'asụsụ ọzọ, mgbe ụfọdụ, na-enweghị translation. Dị ka ihe atụ: o tempora, o mores (na oge, na omume), echela maka echi (ẹkemụm ụbọchị), tempus vulnera sanat (oge mechaa ọnyá).
• Quotes si Bible: "chaplet itu" (Ẹma ẹwet / egosi ihe na-enweghị ekele ege ntị / ekiri), "na-eche ruo mgbe abụọ na-abịa" (ichere ihe ruo ogologo oge, na eleghị anya na-enweghị isi), "Mmefu Ọkpara", "manna si n'eluigwe".
• Nkwupụta si oge gboo akwụkwọ: "Apple nke Nkwekọ" (a controversial isiokwu), "Greek onyinye" (ọjọ kpataara na guise nke ọma), "anya Medusa" (ihe na-eme froze ka a nkume).

Ọzọ classifications: na version Petra Dudika

• Ke adianade Vinogradov na Shan, na ndị ọzọ na ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-agbalị na ya kee ihe idioms, eduzi ha onwe ha ụkpụrụ. N'ihi ya, a asụsụ mata Dudik bụghị anọ, ma ise ụdị phraseological nkeji:
• Semantically indivisible akpaala okwu "na-na obere ụkwụ" (nso onye mara).
• Phraseology ịdị n'otu na looser semantics nke constituent ọcha nke "ncha n'olu" (ịta mmadụ ahụhụ).
• Phraseological okwu, ekewet kpamkpam nke onwe ha okwu, na mkpokọta uru nke bụ omume na-ahọrọ a synonym. Ndị a Dudik tumadi na-akọ okwu na ilu: "Gus ezi abụghị a enyi."
• Phraseological n'ịgwa - n'ịgwa dabeere na a metaphorical pụtara "-acha anụnụ anụnụ ọbara", "Hawkeye".
• Phraseological nkebi ahịrịokwu. Ji a adịghị n'otu nke metaphorical na syntactic mmiri: "a nnukwu zaa."

Nhazi ọkwa Igorya Melchuka

E wezụga niile n'elu nhazi ọkwa kwesịrị Mel'chukov phraseological nkeji. Dị ka ọ na-ekenyela ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na umu, nke na-na-ekesa na anọ ige.

• Degree oge, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Ọrụ nke pragmatic ihe na guzobe phraseologism: ọmụmụ gbasara asụsụ na pragmatemy.
• Nke asụsụ unit na-agụnye: a-iriba-ama, nkebi ahịrịokwu, syntax frazema.
• asụsụ ịrịba ama akụrụngwa na-adịru frazeologizatsiyu: syntactics banye, signifier na-egosi.

Nhazi ọkwa Boris Larin

Nke a asụsụ ekesa mụ n'ịgwa nke okwu na ogbo nke ha evolushọn, si nkịtị na nkebi ahịrịokwu nke phraseology:

• Agbanwe n'ịgwa (n'ịgwa nke analogue na n'akpaala okwu okwu): "velvet oge".
• Ndị furu efu ụfọdụ nke bụ isi pụtara, ma na-enwe ike ịchọta metaphors na echiche: "na-nkume n'obi ya."
• Idioms, kpamkpam ndebe nke siri ike nghọta onwe nke ha mmiri, na-efu aka na mbụ ha, lexical pụtara na mkpụrụ okwu ndị ọrụ (analọg phraseological adhesions na ịdị n'otu), "nke si n'aka" (ọjọọ).

Common ihe atụ nke phraseological n'ịgwa

N'okpuru ebe a bụ ole na ole pụtara maara nke ọma mụ n'ịgwa.

• "Nwee na ala," (iru ala).
• "Agbarụ agbarụ anya" (ihere).
• "Imeri" (iti onye).
• "Ogwu nke" (a nsogbu na-achọ nkà na echiche).

Ọ bụ ezie na English idioms Vinogradov nhazi ọkwa na Shan adịghị emetụta Otú ọ dị, ị nwere ike ịhọrọ set nkebi ahịrịokwu na ike ga-nkewa dị ka a zọpụta nke nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ.
ihe atụ:

• Obi enyi - n'obi enyi (n'obi enyi - a n'obi enyi).
• A Sisyfean oru (Sisyphean).
• A mara agha - a di ọku agha (di ọku agha - a di ọku agha).

akwukwo nkebiokwu

The ukwuu nke phraseological nkeji classifications n'ihi na eziokwu na ọ dịghị nke ha adịghị enye ihe zuru nkwa na e nweghị ndudue. Ya mere, ọ bụ ọnụ ahịa mara ihe Dictionary i nwere ike ịhụ a ndumodu, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-apụghị n'ụzọ ziri ezi chọpụta ụdị phraseologism. All Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke ụdị na-ekewa n'ime monolingual na ọtụtụ asụsụ. N'okpuru ebe anyị sụgharịa kasị ama akwụkwọ nke a, nke i nwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ nke ofu okwu, ihe ndị kasị na Russian asụsụ.

• Monolingual: "Ọzụzụ akwukwo nkebiokwu" E. Bystrova; "Burning a ngwaa - Dictionary ndiife phraseology" V. Kuzmich; "Phraseological dictionary nke Russian Language" Fedoseev; "Phraseological dictionary nke Russian edemede asụsụ" I. Fedoseyev na "Big amamihe-akwukwo nkebiokwu" M. Michelson.
• Ọtụtụ asụsụ: "English-Russian akwukwo nkebiokwu" (orú nnù set nkebi ahịrịokwu) A. Kunin, "Great Polish-Russian, Russian-Polish akwukwo nkebiokwu" YU Lukshina na Random House Russian-English Dictionary of idioms Sofia Lubensk.

Ikekwe na-amata na ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ siri ike ozugbo iche ihe umu bụ nke a akpan akpan akpaala okwu, okwu a nwere ike iyi ihe incredibly mgbagwoju anya. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị otú ekwensu ka ọ na-ese. Isi otú ịzụlite ikike iji chọta ezi Nchikota okwu phraseological phraseological nkeji n'etiti ndị ọzọ - na-egosipụta mgbe nile. Na na ikpe nke mba ọzọ na-asụ asụsụ - na-amụ malite nke a nkebi ahịrịokwu na iburu ha n'isi. Nke a ọ bụghị nanị na-enyere aka na-na-na ihere ọnọdụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu, kama ọ ga-eme ka ọ mara mma nke ukwuu na echepụtakarị.