Tectonic Ọdịdị Kọkeshịan. Tectonic Ọdịdị Kọkeshịan ugwu

Modern tectonic Ọdịdị nke ahụ Caucasus e guzobere banyere 25 nde afọ gara aga n'oge Tertiary oge. Taa, ọ na- apịaji n'ugwu, na n'ihi na nke esịtidem geological Filiks oge ọrụ agbọpụta ọkụ. Ha bụ otu afọ dị ka ndị Alps, na na-ekewet nke gneiss na konkiri.

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Tectonic Ọdịdị Kọkeshịan bụ ọtụtụ deformation mpaghara, ebe otu mgbe e nwere a nkukota Arabian na Yurop, efere. Ugwu na-guzobere n'ihi na ije nke kọntinent. Kwa afọ na Arabian efere, enwe Africa, na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe ugwu site a ole na ole sentimita.

N'ihi nke a, n'ógbè a na-agbalị ibibi ala ọma jijiji, n'ihi na nke Caucasus enwe. Tectonic Ọdịdị agbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ ruru ka ihe ịtụnanya nke ime, na-ebibi mmadụ akụrụngwa n'ala. Ka ihe atụ, na 1988, e nwere ezigbo ọdachi na Armenia, nke gburu 20,000 ndị mmadụ, na ọzọ 500,000 enwekwaghị ebe obibi ha.

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Formation larịị mmasị n'ebe ugwu kpụrụ si Paleozoic gburu nkume. Ha na-imbued na veins nke acidic magma na ndị ibu folds. Ha na-ekewet nke konkiri, quartzite na shale. Na ndagwurugwu nke osimiri Alikonovki nso Kislovodsk i nwere ike ịhụ ndị kasị ochie nkume nke riiji.

Tectonic Ọdịdị nke Caucasus Mountains na-ada ka elu nke red na pink granites, onye afọ na-eme atụmatụ na 220-230 nde afọ. Na Mesozoic epoch e bibiri ha, n'ihi na nke nke na-etolite a jikọrọ ọnụ oyi akwa, onye ọkpụrụkpụ bụ banyere 50 mita. Ya mejupụtara agụnye feldspar, quartz na mica.

Ebe i nwere ike ịchọta na geodes - geological formations n'ụdị mechiri emechi cavities na sedimentary nkume. Inside na-edebe ịnweta umi karịa Nleta a symmetrical n'ígwé. Ebe n'ime elu nke ndị dị otú ahụ cavities nwere ike kpụrụ nke kristal, akụrụ-bee, incrustations na ndị ọzọ na ịnweta aggregates. The Kọkeshịan geodes mgbe ụfọdụ chọta obere ihe onwunwe Celestine - ịnweta uzo-acha anụnụ anụnụ hue.

sediments

Ma na ndịda mkpọda i nwere ike ịhụ sedimentary nkume kpụrụ n'oge ịdị adị nke Jurassic na Cretaceous ọdọ. Na mbụ, e nwere oké osimiri, na ugbu a nọgidere na nkume nzu aja aja na-acha odo odo, dolomite na ferruginous sandstones red hue.

Ọdịdị Kọkeshịan ugwu nwekwara mejupụtara deposition nke dị iche iche nkume, dị ka travertine, pụtara mgbe evaporation nke ịnweta mmiri. Na ndị a nkume ị pụrụ ịhụ dị iche iche metụtara nke akwụkwọ na alaka nke dị ọtụtụ nde afọ gara aga.

Ọdịdị

Tectonic Ọdịdị nke ahụ Caucasus ugwu abahade usoro abụọ nke riiji. Otu n'ime ha a na-akpọ Great, na ndị ọzọ - obere. N'etiti ha na-edina ala ihe nādighi.

The Greater Caucasus na-mara dị ka North Caucasus (karịsịa mgbe okwu na-eji na Russia na-ezo aka na mpaghara mba nke gọọmenti). Ebe ndịda bụ nkerisi riiji. N'ihu ala e a region maara dị ka ndị Caucasus. Iji ya na-emekarị na-agụnye ókèala mba atọ: Georgia, Armenia na Azerbaijan.

Geologists gwakwara ya ihe abụọ dị mkpa na mpaghara: na Sitia n'elu ikpo okwu na intermountain ebe.

Greater Caucasus

Greater Caucasus erukwa maka 1100 km site n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ-na n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Eke ala bụ Black na Caspian n'oké osimiri. Odika oké ihe a pụrụ ịkpọ Anapa na Krasnodar region ugwu Ilhydag nso Azerbaijan Baku.

Ugwu a usoro a na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ akụkụ. Nkerisi iche (ma ọ bụ ndị Greater Caucasus) nwere a elu nke 3 na 5 puku mita. Lee ndị kasị elu n'ebe ah u na Europe. Tectonic Ọdịdị kpụrụ Kọkeshịan magburu Okirikiri.

Mining ewu nke n'usoro mejupụtara ndị crystalline n'okpuru ala nke oge ochie afọ - a bụ isi riiji. Ya isi gbara a-eto eto cover, esịnede a ọhụrụ umu. Ha na-etolite ihe na sayensị na-akpọ "nku ebuli." A ngụkọta nke abụọ - ugwu na n'ebe ndịda.

The mbụ na-emi esịnede ego n'ụdị wrinkles. Ha gburu oké nkume nke Mesozoic na Cenozoic afọ. Young nku a kpụrụ oké ego, nke bụ ihe na-akpata oké geological nsogbu na mpaghara. Ọdịdị bụ ndị dị otú ahụ na nkume na-echi ọnụ n'ala n'ime mgbagwoju na ọtụtụ folds. Kpuchie na ji ha mebiri n'ime ọtụtụ iberibe. Nku-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ozi site na nke ya, ndị a na isi uka nke ugwu riiji na-akpụ akpụ n'ebe ndịda. Older sediments na-kpuchie site tọrọ na-akwụsị n'okpuru mmiri nke Azov, Black na Caspian n'oké osimiri.

Na Paleozoic oge na ugwu nke Caucasus bụ esịt, ebe emetụ Afrika na oké osimiri Paleotethys. Na mbụ, ọ bụ a jụụ mpaghara na-enweghị mgbawa ugwu ma ọ bụ geological ọrụ nke ụdị nke e nwere ugbu a na-Atlantic. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-ọnọdụ agbanweela, esịtidem Filiks mere onwe-ha chere.

Lesser Caucasus

The abụọ ịrịba riiji nkịtị circuit. Ebe a na-agwụ ndị Caucasus. Tectonic Ọdịdị nke ahụ region mejupụtara ridges, mgbawa ugwu ugwu na elu ugwu dị larịị. Otu ihe dị iche si Greater Caucasus bụ enweghị otu n'usoro. Kama nke ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ obere ridges irutu, nke mere na a nnukwu ego nke ndagwurugwu. E nweghị ịrịba kpụkọrọ ma ọ bụ na n'oké ugwu. Ihe kpatara ya dabeere na eziokwu na nke a mpaghara bụ tectonically dị obere. High ọnụ ọnụ ma kpụrụ.

Ebe a na-eche ihu ibughari akụkụ nke Alpine-Himalaya belt, nke bụ ya mere Lesser Caucasus nwere a ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mgbagwoju geological Ọdịdị ka megide "akamba eyenete". Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ndịda nke ndị ọzọ efere. Ọ bụrụ na ndị North Caucasus nwere fọrọ nke nta dịghị mgbawa ugwu arcs ma ọ bụ sagging, ebe a ha na iji nke ịdị ukwuu ukwuu.

The geological akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba

The geological akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lesser Caucasus bụ omume na-akọwa ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi niile na Filiks na-ewere ọnọdụ ebe a n'elu ọtụtụ nde afọ.

Tupu mgbe ebe a dina a tectonic agịga na a oké osimiri nke Tethys. The obodo mgbawa ugwu ahụ na miri emi nke miri bụ ike kacha ike na Earth na Mesozoic oge. Ocean gbara ya gburugburu ọtụtụ microcontinents. N'ime oge ahụ, ha kpamkpam gbara ya gburugburu ọdọ mmiri, nkerisi ya n'ime ọtụtụ iberibe. Mgbe uzo nke 85 nde afọ gara aga kpụrụ otu Afrika nwere ọtụtụ ugboro na e doro tectonic mgbanwe.

Gondwana, nke e akpụ akpụ site n'ebe ugwu, bụ ihe mere na ihe ka nnọọ oké osimiri ohere shrunk ka a obere size. Ọzọkwa okụrede mmiri n'okpuru osimiri agbọpụta ọkụ na mbụ ala nke miniature kọntinent.

Sitia n'elu ikpo okwu

Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke riiji bụ a-eto eto Sitia n'elu ikpo okwu. Ọ mejupụtara abụọ ala. Lower - na ntọala ahụ, ọkọnọ si Paleozoic nkume nke si (afọ, 230-430 nde afọ). The n'elu n'ala a na-akpọ uwe-nwuda. Ọ tọrọ na mejupụtara nke nkume nke Mesozoic na Cenozoic oge (65-250 nde afọ). Nke a na mmiri sediments ụrọ carbonate. Ke n'etiti akụkụ nke Nga Caucasus, nke kwekọrọ na Stavropol Territory, ntọala na-weliri na n'ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na-amalite imi ala.

Sitia n'elu ikpo okwu na ebe ndịda ya n'ókè-ala-agwụ ọtụtụ deflections - Kuban, Terek, Kusari-Divichenskim. Ebe nde mmadụ 40 gara aga, bụ mbibi nke nkume, n'ihi na nke a kpụrụ strata molasse ego na ya. Na n'ebe ndị a, karịsịa mara mma na Caucasus. Photos nke obodo ịnweta iyi na-aṅụju bụ breathtaking. Ọ bụ ala ndị a otuto Lermontov, emi odude ke ọwọrọetop akwụkwọ.

Njirimara omume na mejupụtara nke nkume na ihe owuwu nke jikọrọ ọnụ na-egosi na ebe a na-na-anọchi anya a oké osimiri. Ọ mere na banyere 230 nde afọ gara aga. Continental unit a kpọlitere na kpuchie na-emighị emi. Ụlọ a osụhọ mgbe ntoputa nke Greater Caucasus. Mgbe ahụ, e nwere ọgba delamination, nke pụtara na saịtị nke nnukwu containers maka terrestrial nkume. Nke a usoro na-aga n'ihu taa, nke pụrụ ịkọwa na Ugboro ọdachi.

INTERMONTANE n'usoro

Ọ na-emi odude n'ebe ndịda nke Greater Caucasus. Na oge mgbe naanị kpụrụ Alps (banyere 200 nde afọ gara aga), e nwere a-akpọlite mmewere nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ bụ a carbonate n'elu ikpo okwu dị ka a obere Afrika. Otú ọ dị, na mmalite nke e guzobere ugwu (30 nde afọ gara aga), ebe a na-amalite na-sag na-ada n'ala. The oké osimiri, nke a na etiti nke ihe owuwu nwayọọ nwayọọ rekasịrị n'ime Black Sea na Caspian Sea.

Ndị a bụ ndị abụọ jikọrọ akụkụ. Nti-ha tectonic Ọdịdị. Caucasus (Isiokwu ozi dị mkpa na-anọchi anya n'okpuru) nwere ike kere atọ agba. Nke a Azerbaijani na Georgian ngọngọ na Dzirula crystalline massif na-ekewa ha.

History of ọmụmụ na ego

N'ihi na set nke esịtidem Filiks Ọdịdị Kọkeshịan kwere ka-egosi ebe a dị iche iche eke ego. The ndị bi n'ebe ndị n'oge ochie, mụtara na-emepụta na hazie ha. Ị ka nwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ndị na metụtara nke mmadụ ọrụ na-echefu mines nke gold, silver, idu ndú, na ọla kọpa, mmanụ, coal, na na. D.

Obodo store a subsoil banyere 200 milliardov barel mmanụ na eke gas. Nke a nnukwu mee, nke ga-adịru ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ.

Interest na Ọdịdị nke ala nke a mgbe nile dị adị - ndị na-amasị na-aghọta ebe e nwere ego. The mgbalị mbụ na-amụ geology nke Caucasus dịịrị XVIII narị afọ, mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị njem ndị mmadụ merela e zigara ebe a, butere site Lomonosov.

Na XIX narị afọ, ebe a anyị na-ahapụ maka nnyocha e mere Musin-Pushkin, Dubois de Monpere. Otú ọ dị, nke bụ ezigbo nna nke na-amụ geology nke Caucasus-atụle ga-a German ọkachamara Hermann Abikh. O weere Russian amaala na mgbe gara n'ebe ndịda nke mba na 60-ies nke XIX narị afọ. The isiokwu nke ọmụmụ na ọ bụ tectonic Ọdịdị Kọkeshịan n'ugwu. N'ihi ya ọtụtụ nchoputa ọ ghọrọ onye na ùgwù so na St. Petersburg Academy nke Sciences.